Mathematics in Daily Life Essay

People use math in their daily life. When you go to the grocery story you have to find out if you have enough money. When there are sales how much money it is and how much you save!! People use math every day. You use math whenever money, time, weight, height, calories or distance are involved for starters. Money You are going to book a hotel room for a trip. You have a coupon for a 15% discount. The rate is $120 before your discount. What is your rate ($102) and is it better than the internet rate, of $99.95? You will also want to consider the 10% hotel tax rate and the fees charged by the internet travel site (tax + $5.00.) With tax the room with the coupon is now $112.20, but with taxes and fees the rate for the internet room is $114.95. Good thing we know math. Time You get home at 4:15pm and you have a friend coming to pick you up to go to a party at 8:30. If you need to switch the laundry (10min), walk the dog (20min), take out the trash (15min), cook and eat dinner (60min) and do the dishes (20 min). How much time do you have to pick out clothes (?), shower (10min), iron clothes (10min), do your hair (?), do makeup (?), find shoes (?) and if you do the laundry first will there be enough time to use a piece of clothing that you put in the dryer earlier? Weight Your child is 4 and weighs 35lb and has tended to be of average weight/height. You want to buy something for your child that will hold up to 75lb. How many other kids can play on the item also? If 11 year olds weigh about 77lbs how long will he be able to use the item? Height If you have a 9ft ceilings,your tree topper is 7†³ tall and your tree stand adds 9†³ in height, what is the tallest Christmas tree you can fit? What if you get an artificial tree with it’s own stand that adds 0†³ to the height? Calories If you are serving a 600 calorie meal and you want to serve spaghetti, garlic bread, salad, wine and desert you will need to know how much they all are. 1 serving of spaghetti (5oz) is about 182c and sauce adds another 93c. Salad is only 17c a serving but dressing adds calories. If you let people add their own they tend to use two servings. Ranch adds 73c per serving , Italian only has 43c. Garlic bread is 170c per piece. You want to serve either tiramisu or poached pears for dessert. Tiramisu is about 450c per serving and the pears would be about 112xc per pear. The wine adds about 120c per glass and most people will have 2 glasses. What dessert should you serve? Does changing the dressing or adding it to the salad (so you limit the amount people get) change anything? What if you only serve wine with dinner (1 glass) and coffee (black = 0c, cream + 39c, whole milk + 18c, skim milk + 11c, sugar + 18c) with dessert? What if you serve smaller portions? Distance If you average 50mph on a day long trip and you need to go about 420 miles to visit your grandparents, how long will you be driving. If you stop for 30min for lunch and have two buy gas/use restroom/walk around breaks that are about 10-15min long, what time will you arrive if you leave at 7am? If you need to be there by 3pm, what time do you need to get going?

Industry Averages and Financial Ratios Paper Essay

Industry averages and financial ratio reports determine the financial health of an organization. Solvent, efficiency, and profitability are compared by key financial indicators and ratios that measure several companies within the same industry. The publicly traded company chosen by Team A is ExxonMobil. â€Å"The largest publicly traded international oil and gas company in the world. ExxonMobil makes products that drive modern transportation, power cities, lubricate industry, and provide petrochemical building blocks that lead to thousands of consumer goods† (ExxonMobil, 2013-2015). In this paper, Team A will analyze the industry statics and financial ratios of ExxonMobil. Critically adopt lean principles to create a more efficient system. Discuss what a Just-In-Time inventory system would have if adopted. Compare the ratios for ExxonMobil with the appropriate industry ratios shown in the D&B Report. SIC Code of Classification The Standard Classification Code (SIC) was created in 1937 as four digit codes the government assigns to all U.S. companies to help identify the primary establishment. â€Å"These codes were developed to promote the presentation, collection, and analysis of data.† It also helps â€Å"simplify comparability and uniformity of the collection of statistical data, which are done by federal government agencies, private organizations, and state agencies†. Each SIC that is assigned has a meaning. â€Å"The SIC system arrays the economy into 11 divisions, that are divided into 83 2-digit major groups, that are further subdivided into 416 3-digit industry groups, and finally disaggregated into 1,005 4-digit industries.† The primary SIC code is determined by the highest revenue department within the company that prior year (Siccode.com, 2015). The SIC for ExxonMobil is 2911 Petroleum Refining(U. S. Department of Labor, n. d.). ExxonMobil Inventory Systems Exxon Mobile operates on the LIFO inventory system method for their business. LIFO, meaning last in, first out, is an inventory system in which goods that are produced last are used first. LIFO is a very common accounting method that many gas and oil industry owners have used over time. Most companies use the LIFO inventory system for tax purposes when cost are raising, hence gas and oil prices. In the event that Exxon Mobile switched to the just in time inventory, it’s possible that Exxon Mobile could come up short on their inventory. Just in time inventory is used to reduce cost by only purchasing inventory when needed. Since gas and oil is such a huge necessity for consumers, the just time inventory method would not be beneficial to Exxon Mobile (Stock Analysis on Net, 2015). Key Financial Ratios for ExxonMobil According to Farlex (2015), â€Å"financial ratios are defined as a financial analysis comparison in which certain financial statement items are divided by one another to reveal their logical interrelationships.† Financial ratios can be classified to reveal movements in profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios. â€Å"Solvency ratios measure a company’s ability to pay its debt and other obligations.† Profitability ratios exhibit the manner in which a business has fulfilled its operational point of view. Efficiency ratios are normally utilized to examine how a business internally uses its assets and liabilities (Investopedia, 2015). The cart below acknowledges some key financial ratio for each of the previous mentioned categories for ExxonMobil. All of these ratios have been computed and derived from annual information for the 2010- 2011 fiscal years. Exxon Mobil’s Performance Comparison to Industry Averages The Dun & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios data set for 2911 Refining Petroleum had a sample of 24 in 2010 and a sample of 31 in 2011 to help compare Exxon’s ratios to its competitors. This data set is divided into three categories, this paper compares only three ratios for each category; Solvency Ratios: Quick Ratio, Current Ratio, and Current Liabilities to Inventory Ratio; Efficiency Ratios: Collection Period Ratio, Assets to Sales Ratio, and Accounts Payable to Sales Ratio; Profitability Ratios: Return on Sales Ratio, Return on Assets, and Return on Net Worth. Solvency Ratios Analysis The quick ratio for Exxon in 2010 and 2011 are 0.64 times, which falls between the median and lower range of the industry averages on the D & B chart for both years. This shows that ExxonMobil Corporation to be among the average in its industry, therefore it will be a less risky investment. The current ratio in 2010 and 2011 is 0.94 times, in which 2010 falls in the lower range and 2011 falls between the median and lower range of the industry averages. This explains that in 2010 and 2011 Exxon only had $0.94 in current assets to cover every dollar of current liabilities. The current liabilities to inventory ratio illustrates â€Å"how much a company depends on its inventory to help pay its debt†. As the above chart shows, Exxon’s current liabilities to inventory ratio for 2010 is 482.68% and for 2011 is 515.87%, which falls on the lower range of industry averages on the D & B chart. This reveals that Exxon does not have to depend on its inventory to help pay its debts. (Creditmanagementworld.com, 2006-2015). Efficiency Ratios Analysis â€Å"Collection period ratio is used in analyzing how fast a business can increase its cash supplies.† Exxon’s collection period ratio for 2010 is 28.24 days and 2011 is 26.60 days. When comparing this ratio to the industry averages on the D & B chart, Exxon falls between the median and lower ranges. This informs potential investors that Exxon is able to collect on its receivables within 30 days of its initial receipt. The assets to sales ratio for Exxon in 2010 is 0.82 and 0.71 in 2011. This ratio is very low compared to the industry averages, which in term means that Exxon is† selling more than it can safely fulfill by its assets.† The accounts payable to sales ratio for Exxon is 0.91 in 2010 and 0.79 in 2011. These two ratios fall in the upper range of the D & B chart, this is bad for Exxon because it states that Exxon might be using its suppliers to help fund the operations during this time period (Creditmanagementworld.com, 2006-2015). Profitability Ratio Analysis The return on sales (Profit Margin) ratio in 2010 is 13.82% and in 2011 is 15.06%, for Exxon. This ratio when compared to its industry averages lies in the upper range on the D & B chart. This determines that Exxon is â€Å"better prepared to handle any downtrends brought upon by adverse conditions.† Exxon’s return on assets (ROA) ratio for 2010 is 11.37% and 12.96% in 2011. It falls on the upper range of the D & B chart. This illustrates that Exxon â€Å"is ran very well and has a strong return on its assets.† Exxon’s return on net worth for 2010 is 23.67% and for 2011 is 27.26%. This simply means that Exxon has made a profit on its investment for these two years. Through this analysis we find that Exxon stays close to the upper percentage ratios, when compared to the industry averages. This ratio makes ExxonMobil Corporation an ideal investing opportunity (Creditmanagementworld.com, 2006-2015). Conclusion During these two years, many companies were still feeling the effects of the economic recession. This can possibly explain why some of Exxon’s ratios are on the lower range of its industry averages. As potential investor, this team feels that the financial health of ExxonMobil Corporation in 2010 and 2011 is within the range of the industry averages. Despite what these ratio determine, Exxon is a viable business entity with great potential for  investing. References Business Dictionary. (2015). Financial Ratios. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/financial-ratios.html Creditmanagementworld.com. (2006-2015). Business Financial Analysis Using Ratios. Retrieved from http://www.creditmanagementworld.com/analysis/analysis04.html Dun & Bradstreet. (n.d.). Key Business Ratios. Retrieved from http://www.mergentkbr.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/index.php/reports/industry ExxonMobil. (2013-2015). About Us. Retrieved from http://corporate.exxonmobil.com/en/company/about- us/history/overview Farlex. (2013-2015). Solvency Ratios. Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Solvency+Ratio Google Finance. (2015). ExxonMobil Corporation: Annual Financial Statements. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/finance?q=NYSE:XOM&fstype=ii Investopedia. (2015). Efficiency Ratios. Retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/efficiencyratio.asp Stock Analysis on Net. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.stock-analysis-on. net/NYSE/Company/Exxon-Mobil-Corp/Analysis/Inventory U. S. Department of Labor. (n. d.). 2911 Petroleum Refining. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/pls/imis/sic_manual.display?id=627&tab=description Worldwide Business Dictionary. (2015). What is a SIC Code?. Retrieved from http://siccode.com/en/pages/what-is-a-sic-code

High Profile Organizations Including the Police Force, Mining Industry Essay - 1

High Profile Organizations Including the Police Force, Mining Industry, Building Industry - Essay Example According to Schein (2010), organizational culture is one the factors that can affect better organization performance; hence, organizations should change their cultural behaviors in case they want to achieve better performance. Many companies are aware of increasing responsibilities to both employees and the society; thus, they have considered management issues as effective means for achieving their stated objectives. Therefore, organizations employ CSR model, stakeholder engagement strategy, social accountability concepts among others as effective means for monitoring social demands and managing their social response mechanisms. Organizations monitor social demands and manage social response mechanism through various ways. The CRS model is one of the mechanisms organizations employ in order to manage social response mechanism. CSR is a sustainable response model used in many organizations for monitoring an ensuring that the organizations actively comply with the required ethical standards, regulation and international norms. It is a self-regulating mechanism that embraces the responsibilities for the organization’ actions and encourages a positive response from stakeholders, employees and consumers (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2003). Social responsibility is one of the significant themes that organizations give considerable attention. This is through employing various models such as the CSR model for monitoring the responsibilities. The growing attention to organization ethics fits well in the evolution of thinking on the quality services offered to customers. Many companies have employed the CSR as a mode l for creating positive social change in organizations. For instance, the police force employs CSR through integrating corporate governance and other organization theories into various actors, which are driven by moral motives. The aim is to improve the quality of services and enable customers to achieve effective satisfaction. Organization design effective grievances mechanism and  dispute resolution methods through incorporating CSR strategy as one of the organizational management systems.  

Fundamentals of Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fundamentals of Contract Law - Essay Example This letter also stipulated the precedence of MSC company terms and provision was made for an increase in price. Therefore Betty has not agreed to the original terms of Able’s contract, she has only accepted conditionally1. Therefore, this is a counter offer which is in effect a rejection of the original offer that Able has made. Therefore, it is now Betty’s offer that is up for negotiation and Able has indicated his acceptance of Betty’s offer by signing on the tear off slip that is attached to her company’s order form. Since there is no further communication from Betty, this would be deemed to be the final agreement between the two parties with Able having consented to Betty’s terms. A valid contract between two parties may be said to exist only when the parties â€Å"assent to the same thing in the same sense, and their minds meet as to all terms.†2 Able was free to reject Betty’s counter offer, since a counter offer in effect, free s the offerer Able from any liability.3 But he signed on Betty’s order form, which means he has accepted the terms of Betty’s counter offer and the original offer has been rejected. However, this raises the issue of the clause that he has entered in the tear off slip that he has signed, which states that the offer was accepted based on the terms of the original offer. This belies the agreement implied through Abel’s signature on the tear off slip, because in indicates that Able is still not ready to accede to Betty’s terms but is intent on enforcing the original terms.  

War Culture in Film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

War Culture in Film - Movie Review Example The aim of the propaganda movies was to justify the decision made by the US to fight against the Axis powers. In the American cinema, war films occupy an important place because they assist people in defining not only themselves but also the rest of the world since they show American citizens as strong and high moral individuals fighting for their country. Why We Fight talks about the rise and growth of the military industrial complex of the US. The film also describes how the US was involved in World War 2 for 50 years, especially the invasion of Iraq in 2003. According to the documentary, the public of the US was misled every decade. This happened during the World War 2 period. The government did this in order to encourage more people to fight in the war. This is because their participation in the war would boost the military industrial economy, thus maintaining the US’s dominance in the world politics. Individuals who are interviewed in the documentary include writer Gore Vidal, Joseph Cirincione (a public policy expert), politician John McCain, Chalmers Johnson (a former CIA analyst and a political scientist), politician Richard Perle and William Kristol (a neoconservative commentator). The documentary tells about the stories of the war of the Vietnam veteran whose son was murdered in the attacks that occurred in 2001. As a result, the Vietnam War veteran requested the military to publish the name of the son who had died on any bomb that would be dropped in Iraq. The documentary also tells about the New Yorker who joined the US army because of poverty and being in debt. This decision was caused by the death of his mother. Again, the documentary reveals the story about Anh Duong, the military explosives scientist. He arrived in America from Vietnam as a refugee child in 1975. The film reveals that war strengthens the military industrial complex. Why We Fight tells of a father, who is still mourning after the death of his son on

Overcoming the Financial Challenge of Going to College Essay

Overcoming the Financial Challenge of Going to College - Essay Example This finding is due to the fact that the average cost of a college education is around $23,000 per annum and that meant a lot of money for many Americans especially that the economy is still reeling from the financial crisis (Reuters). Many opted and forced to work than pursue a college degree because they simply cannot afford it and thus drop out rate in the United States continue to rise. This case of students dropping out due to financial difficulty is not isolated. This is so pervasive that it can be said that the drop out figure in college in the US is already alarming to the point that it could already undermine the country’s competitiveness. In a study conducted by Harvard with data from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, United States has the highest dropout rate in the industrialized world. Among the 18 countries surveyed, United States lagged last with a drop out rate of 46 percent. This figure is very far from Japan which has a huge 89 percent gr aduation rate and former Soviet states such as Slovakia with 63 percent and Poland with 61 percent (Reuters). These figures are considered alarming because drop out rates are increasing in an inversely proportional manner to what is required in the workforce in the near future. Instead of increasing the graduation rate as it is projected that 59 % of jobs will already require a college degree by 2018, it is the drop out rate that is increasing with the country having the graduation rate of 38.3 percent (O’Connor). It seems that jobs in the future especially the high paying ones will not be filled by Americans especially with what the current unemployment statistics show that people without a college degree has twice the chance to be unemployed. In the state of Florida, the figure is also equally startling. O’Connor reported that the State is not producing enough college graduates who would fill up future job market demand. It is even below the already national low nati onal gradation rate of 38.3 percent, graduating only 36.5 percent of its enrollees. This same issue was highlighted was Dr. Eduardo J. Padron, President of Miami Dade where he is not pleased with the graduation rate of those who are college ready registering only a 39% graduation rate. He stressed that given this not so pleasing figures, the focus to complete college today â€Å"is very intense and urgent† – â€Å"to have a standards and practice from outside the College, or to define completion from within; to define it by our success† (Padron). This concern of Dr. Padron about â€Å"Standards and practice from outside the College, or to define completion from within; to define it by our success† was about the quality of education that students receive in schools and their appropriateness in real world setting. The problem about low graduation is further beset by this issue because it implies that the already low graduates in the United States does not s atisfy the quantity and quality of what is needed in the workforce. The current educational system of the United States has been widely critique as not grounded on the realities on the workplace as do not teaching the students how to succeed and become financially independent (Kiyosaki). So the actual problem of the educational system in the US is not only confined to low rate of graduates but also the quality of its graduates. Dr.

Probation and Punishment in Correctional Facilities Assignment

Probation and Punishment in Correctional Facilities - Assignment Example My review of Kris’ file matches Roberts. I concur with Roberts views on whether a Kris’ pre-sentence report predicts that he shall successfully complete. He considers the fact that Kris recently got married, has no history of probation as an adult and the fact the completed his probation successfully as an a juvenile. I concur with the yardsticks employed to arrive at the conclusion. Successful stints of probation in the past indicate that the candidate is committed to observing the rules of probation. However, I disagree. I disagree with the recommendation that he should report bi-weekly. Kris has a stable family he is attached to, fixed abode, committed to work and desiring a prosperous future. Consequently, it is proper if he reports once every month. A profile for a perfect probation candidate should consider whether the candidate has a fixed place or residence, or a place where he has lived for more than 5 years. He should have a good rapport not only with his pare nts, but also with the surrounding community. This ensures that the community will not stigmatize him which risks possibility for flight or relapse into the crime. Lastly, an employee or somebody who is dedicated to his work is likely to be financially stable and occupied to resort to crime. The strategy of matching inmates to prison facilities helps to implement the Eighth Amendment. The Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment of prisoners while they are in prison. A prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment is a universal rule of constitutional law in United States (Fellman, 1957, p. 34). In essence, even after the prisoner is sentenced to jail, the constitutional rights under the eighth amendment applies to define conditions of treatment during the confinement period. Any punishment that violates basic human rights is deemed cruel and inhuman. Matching inmates to prison facilities ensures compliance with the eighth amendment. It ensures that there is balance and propor tionality between the programs needs and the level of security. Prisons differ in terms of the level of security and facilities available.  

Class-Action Lawsuit against University Royal Beauty Pageants Term Paper

Class-Action Lawsuit against University Royal Beauty Pageants - Term Paper Example These competitions have always been the source of great attention and rarely without controversy, leading one to question whether these competitions are ethical, and whether it is fair on the children who participate in them. Our firm believes that while they may be carried out with the best of motivation, their execution is one that is terribly flawed, and could be greatly detrimental to the well being of these children in the future, accompanied by the severe lack of laws governing the state and regulation of beauty pageants (Nussbaum, 2008) thus feel that legal action must be taken against the child beauty pageant industry. While it may be true that some of those contestants are there of their own accord and are indeed old enough to make that decisions, for example those that compete in the category for eight to ten year old children, it leads one to question what the sense is in having a competition that has contestants under the age of two. Surely they have no desire to be made up and dressed up, put into costumes and props, and taken out before a room full of cheering and shouting people. Babies at that age hardly appreciate getting dressed after a bath, it is unreasonable to expect one to believe that they would appreciate being adorned in ruffles and sequins and enduring extensive hours of make up, when they are at an age where they hardly have developed eyelashes or eyebrows. Furthermore, even if those girls who are in the 'older' category of the competition, eight to ten year old’s, which is still young by any stretch of the imagination, are there of their own accord as many representatives of this industry remark, it leads one to question whether firstly, they are conditioned into wanting that, and secondly, whether it is fair to allow them to do it in any case. When a child has been raised with the idea that they are beautiful and they will not only be appreciated for that beauty, but rewarded for it, as long as they allow someone to sit them on a pedestal and extensively observe them, how is a child expected to work out for themselves that it is wrong to be judged and rewarded on the basis of outward appearance? Those that argue over the fact that there are talent rounds and other judging criteria, what they don't realize is that even dancing and singing is a talent based on showcasing oneself, and ultimately makes the competition one that is b ased on outward superficial criteria of appearances. When a child learns that how they look is an easy ticket to getting recognition, they do not develop the understanding of how it is what is inside, intellect and compassion that is what should be focused on and developed. Every little girl wants make up and clothes, but it is the job of the parents to teach children that they do not need to rely on make up or glitter to appear beautiful, and that being the center of attention does not necessarily warrant one to be the best, nor should that be the criteria that they judge, or allow themselves to be judged on. In addition to these fundamental problems with the concept of a beauty pageant, our firms finds there to be many contradictions with the statements the child pageant industry puts out. Standards have risen so high in recent years, with the advent of greater stakes and higher levels of competition, that girls are having to rely more on more on fake beauty enhancers, rather than their own natural beauty. Fake spray tans, fake eyelashes, fake hair extension, even fake teeth, and all this on children who are at most nine or ten, and at their youngest, one or two, what sort of a message does that send to these children. Not only does

Hyperthermia Treatment for Cancer Research Paper

Hyperthermia Treatment for Cancer - Research Paper Example We have been able to find out that hyperthermia can become an effective method in the treatment of cancer with a little careful administration because a number of studies have shown that the survival rate and the rate of responsibility towards other drugs of cancer increases when they get combined with hyperthermia. The building blocks of our body are cells. Cancer takes place when there is an abnormal growth of cells in our body. The causes of cancer are generally genetic change or a defect in the chromosome of the genes. When the cell in our body multiplies rapidly and forms a lump it is called cancer or malignant tumor. Even at such an age of advancement, it is still difficult to decipher the true causes of cancer but a variety of research carried out in this field has given some guidance with regard to the causes of cancer and its treatment. (Dollinger et al, 2002, p. 3). Effective cancer treatment needs a combination of multiple medical specialties. The scopes of new capacities in the treatment of cancer are always expanding and the specialists are constantly adopting those techniques to treat the disease successfully. A treatment process should be such that it incorporates maximum benefit in the removal of the disease. (Chabner and Longo, 2005, p.1). The aim of this discussion is to find out the effectiveness of hyperthermia as a method to treat cancer. At the same time, we will also find out as to why hyperthermia is most effective. When the application of hyperthermia becomes most effective is also one of the objectives of our study. Last but not the least we will also look at the limitations which hyperthermia has in the treatment of cancer. This discussion has mostly been qualitative in nature.  

Banana Sushi Outline Essay Example for Free

Banana Sushi Outline Essay How many of you have ever tried or eaten a peanut butter and banana sandwich? For those who have banana sushi is exactly that but much more fun and exciting to do at home. Transition: let’s start by getting ingredients BODY: I. The first step is to get all of the ingredients. A. There are certain ingredients needed to make banana sushi; the first step is to gather them. 1. You will need the peanut butter of your choice (smooth works better) 2. You will need two pieces of bread 3. And you will need a fresh banana Transition: now that we have the ingredients we can get the materials B. There are also certain materials necessary to make banana sushi; the second step is to gather those. 1. You will need a butter knife 2. You will need a rolling pin 3. And you will need some type of cutting board. Transition: Now that we have both the ingredients and the materials to make banana sushi we can start making it! C. Now you can start making it. 1. The first step is to cut all the crust off of the bread and dispose of it, then to lay the edges of the bread on top of each other and flatten it together with the rolling pin. 2. The second step is to then take the butter knife and spread the peanut butter over the bread. . The third step is to take your banana, peel it and cut it into coin size pieces and lay them neatly on the bread covered with peanut butter. 4. The final step is to roll the bread and then cut it into sections   The three steps in making banana sushi: A. The first step is gathering the ingredients B. The second step is gathering the materials C. The third step is making it. II. Now that I’ve shown you guys a fun new way to eat a peanut butter and banana sandwich otherwise known as banana sushi, I hope you will try it at least once in your life because it’s always nice to try something new.

Approaches To Leadership In Tata Group Management Essay

Approaches To Leadership In Tata Group Management Essay Introduction: Leadership is an integrated part of our life. According to corporate chief and former US presidential candidate Ross Perot, the principles of leadership are timeless because, in a rapidly changing world, human nature remains a constant. We all experience leadership in our life from early childhood in our families, through friendships, social sports activities, school higher education, in politics, in government and of course in our work. We all recognize leadership in other people and often in ourselves. In government, global corporations and small businesses alike, the leadership role is becoming more demanding, more open to scrutiny and more difficult [Gill, R. 2006]. The development of leadership theory also parallels the development of organizational theory. The bureaucratic form of business organization is characterized by laissez-faire leadership whereby so-called leaders tend to avoid taking a stand, ignore problems, not follow up, and refrain from intervening or transactional leadership, in which leaders practise management by exception, focusing only on deviations from what is required, and contingent reward, rewarding people (either materially or psychologically) for achieving what is required. The emergence of the post-bureaucratic form of organization in the late nineteenth century reflects the development of the concept of transformational leadership [Gill, R. 2006]. Theory Approaches to Leadership: Many Leadership theories and approaches have been evolved around Style, Trait, Behaviour, Situation and Charisma. Many researchers made efforts linking these theories across these leadership approaches. However, each leadership model has its merit, assumptions and limitations. Most recent researches are conducted on Situational Transformational leadership styles. Various leadership Gurus presented new models as variations to the already existing models. Max Weber, MacGregor, Bass, Bennis Nanus are some of the most important researchers in the area of transformational leadership. The difference between transactional and transformational leadership is vital in getting the whole concept of transformational leadership theory. In general, a relationship between two people is based on the level of exchange they have. The more exchange they have the stronger the relationship. Managers expects more productivity from employee in order to give good rewards. In this way, if something is done to anyone based on the return then that relation is called Transactional type. In business, leaders announce rewards in turn to the productivity. These relations are all about requirements, conditions and rewards (wordpress.com). In our life at various stages some things are happen without any expectation from other side e.g. mothers love for her babies. This is one for of transformational approach. Transformational Leaders work toward a common goal with followers: put followers in front and develop them, take followers to next level, inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests in achieving superior results (wordpress.com). Here we discuss the various forms of leadership and Table 1, given below shows how Basss full range model of leadership works [DBS Notes]. Table 1 By studying the evolution of leadership approach of the TATA Group, an in-depth analysis of importance of leadership model is given now onwards. Leadership Approach in TATA Group: TATA Group founded in 1868, is an Indian multinational conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai. The Group has more than half million employees spread across over six continents (more than 100 countries) and is the largest private corporate group in India. The estimated market capitalization of the group is worth $80bn. It is the biggest employer in UK as well, employing more than 50,000 people. It has main interests in communications, IT, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. Its present chairman, Ratan Tata is the most influential business leaders in India. He is also one of the worlds most influential people as per Forbs magazine. The Group is known for ethics and value based business approach. Evolution of Leadership in TATA Group: Under the leadership of the Ratan Tata, the Group has incorporated more leadership changes which were essential in current environment to drive towards to be more competitive. In terms of leadership style, the Group has adopted a team-led culture and collective effort approach. Trust became a major factor and theme of the group. Ratan has put a complete organisational restructuring, since he became chairman of the group in 1991, by taking a more matrix-style approach building teams. These changes have transformed a lot in the group business, senior managers have to be on their toes and flexibility and adaptability became essential qualities to have. The leadership changed from a centralised, command centre to a much more distributed form with employees and all managers enjoying greater responsibility and knowledge, which in turn motivated them to work harder and as a group. From well established leadership models such as the McGregor Theory X and Y; in which the theory X manager believes workers dislike work, are not creative and avoid all responsibility whilst the theory Y manager believes that workers get as much enjoyment from work as they can derive with leisure, accept responsibility and be creative. Theory Y approach has been adopted by the Ratan Tata. He wanted all his managers to be modelled as closely to Theory Y and he himself could be called a Theory Y facilitator. He encourages managers to be more innovative and share all their ideas, consulting actively with them and giving them more responsibility and importantly encouraging team-working. Five Factor Leadership Model: Emotional Stability: Ratan has very low anxiety within him and has great sense of security with his future leadership. Extraversion: Even being a bachelor Ratan is very sociable. He has produced very positive affect on future leadership of the Group. Openness: He believes in originality and versatility. By making  £1200/- car he has shown his great interest with and innovation seeking personality. Agreeableness: Within his management team and outside world, Ratan is well trusted and very friendly. Conscientiousness: He is very dutifulness. He spent most of his life working for Group without having any self-interest. He leads a very well organised life. Style (Behaviour) Theory in TATA Group: As per style theory, there are three kind of leadership models are available in literatures. These are as given below. Autocratic Democratic Laissez-faire Ratan Tata is a leader who engages in more democratic style of leadership approach and occasionally shows the other two leadership styles as well. He is more democratic because he always encourages his group leadership to be creating good communication and participation. The budding leadership are well informed about group future strategy and they are very well engaged in decision making process. Most of the group long-term and short-term strategies are formulated by the lower rank of the leadership and are treated as stake holders. Ratan has occasionally shown some short of autocratic style of leadership. Sometimes when needed especially when quick and informed decisions have to be taken, but he is never too commanding in his nature, being a man of few words and being more of a man of action. This is evident from the manner he aggressively pushes for bold international deals, such as during the global acquisitions of business powerhouses such as Corus, JLR, and Tetley. One of his se nior leadership team members, Muthuraman refers him Ratan was the chief architect of the Corus deal. I was worried about the magnitude and the amount of money. But he instilled confidence. In daily routine matters and in developing the leadership, Ratan also uses the Laissez-Faire model such as the delegation of important duties and decision-making, he also do not interfere with any managers functioning, he might make a broad strategic assessment but he does not interfere in operational issues and details, which shows that he has his trust and faith in his managers and believes in their ability. Another quote from Gopalakrishnan, an executive director of the company, expresses how much value Ratan places on his trust, this can be highly motivating for managers and workers alike, I remember what Ratan told us at a meeting. He said that he will continue to trust all his managers, but once they lose that trust, he will go after them. I think that is a very fair deal. Max Webers Leadership Model in TATA Group: Looking at Max Webers Transactional and Transformational Leadership models, where leadership is classed in three forms, Bureaucratic, Charismatic and Traditional, where a Bureaucratic leader is one who is always bound by the set rule and never go beyond them; a Traditional leader is one who does and follows everything from a history and always loyal to obey these traditions and a Charismatic leader is one who uses his own wit or abilities to inspire and is one who can be described as radically opposed to administrative rules and set principles. From these models, Ratan Tata falls into the Charismatic form because he is one who leads by example, coming up with highly innovative ideas such as  £1200 (Rs. One Lakh) car the Nano, budget hotels or low-end watches, he brought radical change to the Tata Group as a whole, changing it from its Traditional mindset to new more flexible and adaptive cultural mindset in global world. Bennis Nanus Transformational Leadership Model in TATA Group: We can see from Bennis and Nanuss Transformational Leadership model that the transformational leaders groom their followers into self-empowered leaders and their main focus is to articulate vision and values clearly so these self-empowered leaders know where to go. Their traits include logical thinking, persistence, empowerment and self-control. Benniss and Nanus has evolved the model which emphasis on the four Is of Transformational leadership, which are Idealised Influence (being a role model) Inspirational Motivation (creating a team spirit, motivating and provide a challenge) Intellectual Stimulation (innovation and creativity) Individual Consideration (mentoring and providing support for followers) Ratan Tata has been proved a true transformational leader. We can see all Is built-in in Ratan Tata. He is the leader with great vision hence he knows right approach to groom future leadership. He has created the team spirit in whole group at every level. He has empowered all his managers and executives and has complete faith in them. He is extremely innovative and is credited for much of the Groups new products; he places a great deal of importance to his RD department. He deeply cares about the welfare of all his employees and managers. During the Mumbais terrorist attack in Taj Hotel (belongs to TATA Group), he took front line in leading at the time of crises. In his leadership statement he articulated One hundred years from now, I expect TATA Group to be much bigger, of course, than it is now. Best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our value system and ethics. [tata.com] As a leader of a global business group, Ratan, knows the fierce competition experienced by group business empire. He put a lot of effort in making his business competitive at global level. Through transformational leadership process, the group has made their processes and technology up to date. Ratan Tata said to his managers in his leadership speech A company or business which remains static is a business that will die; a company that constantly changes and accepts that there are better ways to do things than the way they are done today, is a company that will survive in the global market that we face. From this statement we can infer that he knows the importance of developing a good leadership within group to take Group to new heights. Ratan, involves strategy in leadership. He is a deep thinker and a brilliant strategist as is described by one of his Executive Directors, Alan Rosling, He is a deep thinker and extremely strategic. He is always 2-3 steps ahead. Ratan Tata is a man o f strong integrity, ethics and valued principles. He cultivated the same across the Group companies. One of his companies CEO said Tata has shown that there is no other way he will do business other than do it ethically. He believes in strong value based leadership approach in doing business. Ratan Tata has led the TATA Group to transforming from local business group to become a global leader. Leadership Development in TATA Group: TATA Group has long standing leadership program in-place. Their leadership program is based in British Administrative Service model. Groups leadership development programme aims at grooming the managers of today into the leaders of tomorrow. The leadership development programme conceived by JRD Tata, the late chairman of Group in 1950s. The idea behind the leadership programme known as Tata Administrative Services (TAS) was to select and groom young managers, provide them opportunity for professional growth, and make them leaders of tomorrow. This is TATAs in-house programme and has goal is to provide training to high performers, act as a cradle of change and develop the leadership qualities. Most of the Group companies are traditionally led by these in-house groomed leaders. Cons in Leadership Development in TATA Group: Although Ratan Tata has been very successful in leading the group to a new height, but as in case of every leadership he lacks in few of the areas, these areas includes his successor and integration of his own companies in smaller numbers. Due to large number of companies within group, there is chance of internal conflict between its own companies leadership. There have been cases when the Ratan Tatas leadership has been ineffective in dealing with some critical situation. Ratan Tata will be retiring next year and the group is still struggling to get his replacement. He made himself bigger than the group as a whole. Most of the group leadership hover around him and whole leadership has become Ratan centric. Due to recent scam in 2G spectrum allocation in India, the group reputation has been affected severely. Its few of the top leadership were involved in different scams which could prove detrimental to group business in future. Furthermore TATA Group leadership lacks international f lavour. This could be a major hindrance for the group in becoming a major global player. Conclusions: Ratan Tata has transformed TATA as global brand under his leadership. He has created a rank of leadership to whom he can easily pass the leadership baton. Grooming 98 CEO/MD (TATA Group has 98 companies in its group) is a challenging job in which Group has been very successful so far. He has provided inspiration to leaders within his own company. Ratan Tata has successfully led and motivated its CEO/MD of the group companies to be ambitious. Ratan Tata has adopted a management by consensus style. Leading a large group of companies in current business scenario of changing regulations, increasing competition and global economy could be a tough challenge for many business leaders. Leading the business through these tough times and growing multi-folding revenues could be a dream for many business leaders. Achieving this requires clear vision, innate conviction, ability to inspire and guide along the way. Ratan Tata established himself to be the right leader who has helped the company sai l through the turbulent waters and reach the desired lands. Appendix: Reference List DBS Managing People Lecture Notes Roger Gill, Theory and Practice of Leadership, Sage Publication, 2006 Robins, S.P Judge T.A (2010) 10th Edition, Essentials of Organizational Behaviour, Pearson, ISBN 0-13-815763-4 http://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2008/08/04/transactional-leadership-vs-transformational-leadership/ http://business.outlookindia.com/inner.aspx?articleid=682editionid=22catgid=70subcatgid=464 http://www.tata.com/company/Articles/inside.aspx?artid=YJbf7uiUY0M= Visionary Leadership: Creating a Compelling Sense of Direction for Your Organization (Jossey Bass Business and Management Series): Burt Nanus Tata Group Annual Reports (1991 -2011)

Blackmur R.p., Form And Value :: essays research papers

Blackmur R.P., Form and Value in Modern Poetry, Doubleday, 1957. Justification This critique was first published as a journal article in The Southern Review, 1936 and later reprinted in the text entitled â€Å"Form and Value in Modern Poetry.† The author of the critique describes the meaning behind Yates’ poetry. He also describes Yates’ view of the world and explains how this influences the poetry and the response by many readers towards the work. Blackmur uses a comparison with other poets of the same era. Blackmur also describes in a way that is easily understood, the poetic devices employed by Yates in his works. Position of the writer The position of the writer, is that Yates is a great poet who combines technique with imagination. However, the content of his work and its symbolism is confronting to many readers and may not therefore appreciate the greatness of the poetry. The critics argument â€Å"The poet (and, as always the reader) has to combine, or fuse inextricably into something like an organic unity the constructed or derived symbolism of his special insight with the symbolism animating the language itself. It is, on the poet’s plane, the labor of bringing the representative forms of knowledge home to the experience which stirred them: the labor of keeping in mind what our knowledge is of: the labor of craft. With the poetry of Yates this labor is, as I say, doubly hard, because the forms of knowledge, being magical, do not fit naturally with the forms of knowledge that ordinarily preoccupy us.† What Blackmur is arguing, is that magic and the interpretation of this, is dependent on the reader’s knowledge of magic. He continues the argument, by implying that Yates believed that imagination was as valid a way of understanding the world as was logic. Blackmur also argues that because Yates has a view of life, that many readers do not share, the poetry is often interpreted as â€Å"sterile†. Exposition of the critics ideas and relevance Following the line of Blackmurs’ argument one can only appreciate the greatness of Yates’ poetry by understanding more about magic as a force in real life. However Blackmur claims that use of magic as a tool for poetry has two radical defects. The first defect is a lack of conventional authority outside the poem. The other defect is that Yates’ understanding of magic was not and could not be given in the words of the poem. Use of appropriate technical language Blackmur R.p., Form And Value :: essays research papers Blackmur R.P., Form and Value in Modern Poetry, Doubleday, 1957. Justification This critique was first published as a journal article in The Southern Review, 1936 and later reprinted in the text entitled â€Å"Form and Value in Modern Poetry.† The author of the critique describes the meaning behind Yates’ poetry. He also describes Yates’ view of the world and explains how this influences the poetry and the response by many readers towards the work. Blackmur uses a comparison with other poets of the same era. Blackmur also describes in a way that is easily understood, the poetic devices employed by Yates in his works. Position of the writer The position of the writer, is that Yates is a great poet who combines technique with imagination. However, the content of his work and its symbolism is confronting to many readers and may not therefore appreciate the greatness of the poetry. The critics argument â€Å"The poet (and, as always the reader) has to combine, or fuse inextricably into something like an organic unity the constructed or derived symbolism of his special insight with the symbolism animating the language itself. It is, on the poet’s plane, the labor of bringing the representative forms of knowledge home to the experience which stirred them: the labor of keeping in mind what our knowledge is of: the labor of craft. With the poetry of Yates this labor is, as I say, doubly hard, because the forms of knowledge, being magical, do not fit naturally with the forms of knowledge that ordinarily preoccupy us.† What Blackmur is arguing, is that magic and the interpretation of this, is dependent on the reader’s knowledge of magic. He continues the argument, by implying that Yates believed that imagination was as valid a way of understanding the world as was logic. Blackmur also argues that because Yates has a view of life, that many readers do not share, the poetry is often interpreted as â€Å"sterile†. Exposition of the critics ideas and relevance Following the line of Blackmurs’ argument one can only appreciate the greatness of Yates’ poetry by understanding more about magic as a force in real life. However Blackmur claims that use of magic as a tool for poetry has two radical defects. The first defect is a lack of conventional authority outside the poem. The other defect is that Yates’ understanding of magic was not and could not be given in the words of the poem. Use of appropriate technical language

National Debt and Budget :: Argumentative Economy Economics Papers

National Debt and Budget For twenty-six years in a row our nation has been under deficit spending, with only one balanced budget since 1961. The Nixon administration had the last balanced budget with a $3 billion surplus in the fiscal year of 1969. With all these years of deficit spending the National Debt has grown to over $4.9 billion. Our government needs to stop overspending and start reducing the amount on the debt. We are putting the Debt on a generation that doesn't get to vote. We are spending money now that will they have to repay at higher taxes. This is wrong. (http://www2.csn.net/~tshellen/speech.html) One of the best ways we can give our government the power to get and to keep the budget in balance is to ammend the Constitution. There are three basic ways to getting the budget balanced: raise taxes, cutspending or a combination of both. There are two basic rules in applying this policy: 1-eliminate all the waste, fraud, pork, and abuse, 2-we all have to share in the sacrifice of spending cuts. No special interest groups can be exempt. (http.texas.net/users/andyn/deficit/zdpview.html) It is estimated by the year 2000 the Debt will reach $456 billion. Congress ahs enacted legislation along the general outlines of president Clinton's economic plan, without the economic stimulus spending he proposed. As a result the projected debt is forecast to be $251 billion.(http://www.texas.net/users/andyn/deficit/zdpview.html) Now the governmant has shut down all non-essential services in an attempt to "hard nose" a budget through the senate and congress. This isn't the first time the gov't has been shut down. It happened in Nov. 1981 when Reagan vetoed an emergency money bill, again in Oct.

Differences Between Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Lo

At the mention of the name Alice, one tends to usually think of the children’s stories by Lewis Carroll. Namely, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass are two classic works of children’s literature that for over a century have been read by children and adults alike. These two stories tell the tale of a young girl named Alice who finds herself in peculiar surroundings, where she encounters many different and unusual characters. Although Alice is at the centre of both stories, each tale is uniquely different in its purpose, characters and style.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carroll first published Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland in 1865, three years after he had first told the story to the young girl Alice Liddell and her sisters, following her request for a story full of nonsense. The creation of this story began on a river picnic as Carroll began telling the tale of Alice in Wonderland to entertain the girls. Unlike the spontaneity in the creation of the first story, Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass was published six years after the first, when Alice was a teenager. This latter story was more logical than the first and clearly differed from it in both its style and direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The introduction of Alice and how she finds herself in the â€Å"other† world is very different in each of the stories. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Alice’s curiosity and boredom leads her to follow the White Rabbit as he rushes passed her. She ends up falling down the rabbit hole which takes both her and the reader into a world of magic and disorder. Carroll’s Wonderland is a place where Alice finds many of the characters difficult and odd. She encounters various characters along her journey, many of whom likely represented real people known to the real Alice Liddell. Throughout the first story, Alice also finds herself growing and shrinking at various stages, something that Carroll does not repeat in Through the Looking Glass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice’s curiosity also leads her into the â€Å"other† world in Through the Looking Glass. Unlike Carroll’s first story, this world is one that is logical and in that loses some of its magic. As Alice enters through the glass mirror, her surroundings become reversed and Carroll repeats this image of reversal throughout the story in the poem of the Jabberwocky, the mirror images of Tweedledee and Tweedledum, as well as when the White... ...e is shaking her cat. Carroll ends the story with a question to the reader- who had really dreamed the dream, Alice or the Red King? This ending is open to the reader to conclude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There exists several differences between Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. These differences may be due to the disparity in time between the writing of both stories and the circumstances that surrounded Carroll’s writing, as well as the intention that Carroll possessed when he began to tell the tale. However, these differences are essential to the distinctive nature of each story and convey to the reader a different portrayal of the view that Carroll had of the relationship between child and adult. Whether it was the difference between characters in the stories, or the style in which the story was written, they play an important role in the development of Alice and in the depiction that Carroll intended. Works Cited Carroll, Lewis. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Illus. Arthur Rackham. Poem by Austin Dobson. New York: Sea Star Books, 2002. Carroll, Lewis. Through the Looking Glass. From Project Gutenberg. http://www.gutenberg.net Etext91/glass18.txt

British American Tobacco Implementation of SWOT Analysis

According to the economic theory (firm theory), a firm’s utmost objective is to maximize its profit. Hence during the initial stages of the enterprise growth, managers use financial metrics such as cash flows, revenue, and pre-tax profit to evaluate performance of their firm.However, these metrics only tell of past events and therefore can not be used for strategic management, with time the market conditions change. As a result, a firm will tend to invest more to develop capabilities and customer relationships on a long-term basis.Customer relationship is becoming critical for the firm and therefore as the firm embarks on the financial metrics; it must also add consumer satisfaction metrics for it to remain successful. Hence in this new environment over reliance on the financial metric is not enough in evaluating the path to be followed by companies to increase value through investing in employees, consumer, technology and innovation. In order to address the insufficiency of t hese metrics, business information consultants have put forward several strategic management tools and models.Some of these models and tools include the SWOT analysis, Balanced Scorecard (BSC) analysis etc. The BSC has four aspects namely, the customer perspective, internal business perspective, innovation and learning perspective and financial perspective.The SWOT analysis evaluates the weakness, strength, opportunities and threats involved in company's operations. Strengths and weaknesses are internal to the firm and evaluate the internal capability while Opportunities and threats are out-offing business control and refer to how the business is affected by the external environment.Strengths refer to areas where the business can excel in, for example business's competence and resource utilization. Weaknesses is what the company cannot do and managers should consider areas which need improvements, areas which the company do poorly and what should be avoided.Opportunities refer to th e market attractiveness and threats are the potential challenges which hinder business operation. British American Tobacco’s (BAT) goal is to build a long-term shareholder value through development of new brands and products.The company has used the SWOT analysis to implement strategic management and performance evaluation to achieve this goal. BAT is multinational company that manufactures tobacco products and it has many branches around the world.The implementation of business management tools is aimed at shifting management from quality performance to corporate performance. Strengths The company manufactures markets and sells cigarettes and other tobacco products. By the end of year 2007 the company had more than 300 brands and a work force of about 53,907 employees both in UK and internationally.Its revenue base for the period stood at $ 20,054 million. It offers adult consumers products of high quality and also assists them to make sure that they choose their product ove r those of competitors.Continued improvements in productivity have helped the company develop more brands hence increase earnings: for instance it has introduced smokeless cigarettes aimed at reducing smoke related diseases. To remain competitive in the market, the British American tobacco has embarked on cost reducing strategies and complexities in its supply chain.In 2004 the company made the commitment to reduce overheads cost and other indirect costs by $ 200 million annually by the end of 2007 through implementation of a single procurement processes within its area of operation.The company also offers from time to time training to its workers so as to make them adapt to the changing business environment. Threats The company's operations have been affected by the tobacco regulation policies across the world. One of them is the suggestion by the World Health Organization to have all products packaging be plain or unbranded.Removing colors and trademarks familiar to consumers is a critical challenge because consumers will not able to differentiate cigarettes from BAT and those of its competitors or the genuine products and fake ones.The company has strongly opposed the idea of plain packages claiming that there is no evidence that suggest that plain packs would have effect on smoking by children. In addition restriction of corporate trademarks by any government is a breach of intellectual property rights in international trade.The issues of counterfeit product harm the company's revenue and there have been cases of trade in illicit tobacco globally. In order to reduce the cases of cigarette smuggling, the company has supported various governments, world custom organizations and world trade organization in seeking ways to eliminate illicit tobacco trade. WeaknessesThe main internal challenge that has faced the company is the inability to produce less harmful products. However, for some years now the company has embarked in search for less harmful products.Hig h overhead costs have been another threat to the market competitiveness of the company's product. Before the implementation of single procurement system in 2003, the indirect costs had been too high which resulted to high cost of its tobacco products.Opportunities British American tobacco has more that 30 branches across the world and about 180 markets and has opening new factories in more countries. The demand for tobacco products has been rising as more and more youths have started smoking.The company has utilized this opportunity provided by the market through development of more products to satisfy the market demand. The company has decentralized its factories across the globe to increase it market share and position their product for the consumer who have decided to buy tobacco products.Bibliography BAT, consumer and trade, retrieved on 13 December 2008, from http://www. bat. com/group/sites/uk__3mnfen. nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO6ZXMRV opendocument&SKN=1BAT, plain packaging, retriev ed on 13 December, 2008, from http://www. bat. com/group/sites/uk3mnfen. nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO7J7DCZ?Opendocument&SKN=1 Capgemini, ‘5-year procurement target at British American Tobacco,' 2003, retrieved on 13 December 2008, from www. at. capgemini. com/m/at/cs/ss_British_American_Tobacco. pdf.Dickson Vicky, Balance Score Card as strategic management tool, 2005, retrieved on 13 December 2008 from http://www. betterlocalization. com/index. php? itemid=44.

Case Study: Developing the Leaders of Tomorrow

Produce a four pages report on NSW public sector commission discussing their approach to management and leadership development while highlighting the added value, this kind of approach brings to the success of organizations in general. In the next ten years, NSW expects a large number of retired managers by up to 75% from Department of Finance and Services. In 2008, NSW started preparing succession management to have a pool of managers and leaders for future changes. According to Berger & Berger succession management define as â€Å"the daily process of cultivating future talent through coaching, mentoring, feedback, counseling and development†. NSW develop succession management planning for the sake of developing the present manager in the organization through daily process, coaching, personality assessment and 360 – degree feedback and other tools to assess the leaders. NSW focused on succession management in order to have capable leaders and managers to be ready to deploy those managers would retire in the next ten years. Succession management ensure an organization has the right management available today as well will take over the role of managers and leaders in the future. It ensures the continuity of leadership, and to keep the blood continuing in the organization such as having new and developed mangers and leaders ready to replace those will retire. Therefore, NSW concerns about succession management in order to develop a pool of managers with specific capabilities and competencies ready to take over for a managers or executives within the organization. The succession management helps organizations measures the strength of their pool of talent and recognize where there gaps in the talent. The NSW established Leader Development Program that focused on the skills and attributes managers need to lead effectively in the public sector of the future. The program is developed and builds on the NSW Executive Capabilities such as: Communication and interpersonal effectiveness, facilitating workforce effectiveness, achieving results, organizational context and environment astuteness, managing customer and stakeholder relationships, leadership, strategic thinking and planning, and change management (from EDP PowerPoint document). The program provided to the development requirements of five different groups of leaders as follows: Aspiring managers, new managers, business managers, senior managers, and executives. To develop aspiring managers, a five –day program was implemented. The program involved personality –style feedback, which designed to improve self-awareness and overcome inner barriers to psychological growth and development leadership competencies. For instance, the inner feeling is limit inspiration, creativity and risk taking (Yukl,2013). Therefore, before become a successful manager, it is important to re-join with one’s feelings, and challenge the hidden fears (Yukl, 2013). Also the program covered the role of manager, and skills requirements of management function. A personality- style assessment and 360-degree feedback tools program used for new and business managers. This helps the participants to increase their self –awareness. 360-degree feedback also called as multisource feedback is assumed that most leaders lack accurate knowledge about their skills and behavior, and the feedback can be used to improve it (Yukl, 2013). The Managers obtain information about their skills or behavior from standardized surveys filled out by other people such as bosses, subordinates, and sometimes outsiders (Yukl, 2013). In NSW the program provide the manager with 360 – degree feedback from three key parties – people, business and leadership the modules take place over 10 months. Moreover, Coaching and mentoring sessions used to help the participants to interpret their experiences and learn new skills from their manager. The benefit the participants will gain through learning from their managers’ experience is the amount of challenge in projects, the variety of tasks, and the feedback. For senior managers and executives, the aim was to build a constructive behavioral leadership. The participants received their personality and leadership behaviors from 360-degree questioners. The assessment focused to measure participants’ predominant orientation (people vs. task-orientation), and measures what behaviours are mostly adopted at work and in interaction with other employees (aggressive, passive or constructive behaviors). The 360- degree feedback contains two profiles: self – image and how others evaluate or see you (Human Consulting, 2012). In NSW, a seven module were delivered over 12 months. After that, an independent external consultant clarified the results of each participant individually, to ensure the acceptance of the results in order to encourage change. Nowadays in its fifth year, NSW have 500 leaders and managers accomplished the program. Managers ready for planning and budgeting, staffing and organizing jobs and reporting relationships to efficiently implement plans, and monitoring and problem solving, beside other managerial skills. On the other hand, there leaders who are ready for setting a direction and constructing a vision and strategies to provide attention for planning, highlighting communication, reliability, and empowerment and inspiring people and structure informal networks of relationships ( Bloisi, Cook, & Hunsker 2003). The assessment of Executive Development Program (EDP) illustrates that the Finance and Services group of managers were the top performers among the 500 leaders and managers. The program focused on thirteen capabilities using eight tools to asses strengthens strategic leadership capability, develop the knowledge and skills required to deliver essential improvement, and motivate talented participants. Each participant commenced online and face-to-face assessment and got a confidential feedback to assist development and career planning. The assessment results ranked the leadership executive capabilities into strengthens and weaknesses categories. The four strongest capabilities are customer focus, complex dependencies, capacity to lead and manage people and organizational resilience. These capabilities added value to the organizations approach. For example, having leaders who focused on customers and understand what clients and customers need and want, and what they think about the organization products and how to improve the services and products to satisfy the customers. This kind of leader develops a competitive strategy for the organization. At the same time, the results show that the executive management needs to be developed in the strategic financial management. The main factors required development are: First, various choice of financial systems and budget management processes among and within the nine service group. The solution is merging and combining the financial system such as payment system, accounting and reporting in the state of funds received and spent and budget implementation process among and within the nine service group. The second weakness is the deficiency of clarity or consistency in the role of Chief Finance Officers and their finance team. To bridge this gap, the Finance Executive have to set a clear nd shared objective for Finance Department and drive an individual objective in order to work together to achieve departmental objectives. Third element need development plan is that the financial department does not play a vital role in the organizational decisions. In fact, the Financial Department consider as one of the major aspects for the organization. Therefore, it has to be taken into consideration when to make any kind of discussion related to the company. For example, if the company wants to maximize their profits the company has to grow business and to do that they need an income. Accordingly, the company either takes loan or goes public by issuing shared and bonds in order to make decision regarding this they have to review the financial reports. The fourth and last gab in capabilities is the level of variances of delegation and accountability given to the line managers. In order to fill this gab, the management need to establish a clear delegation of Document of Authority–DOA which state all the financial procedures and identify the authority level for each of financial manager. Than shared among the manager to clarify the level of authority each manager has. For example, for budgeting the project the financial manage has the authority to sign specific amount of budget (10,000$), in case the budget exceed the above mentioned amount then it has to go to the next level of authority and so on. In conclusion, develop succession management to prepare leaders and managers within the organization helps to invest in short – and long – term development of the employees. Moreover, organization’s workforce exposed as much of the working environment as possible so that they gain a good understanding of what the company requires to remain successful. They are familiar with organization culture and value, knew how to deal with employees and what the customers need and want. At the same time, the organization benefit from leaders development that it has committed employees who understand organization’s strategy and management and ensure the continuity of leadership as well having backup plan of leaders and managers developed and trained to replace those managers will retire in the future.

Impact of the Affordable Care Act Essay

Impact of the Affordable Care Act on North Carolina’s Uninsured Health insurance is one of the most important benefits a citizen can have in America. Some Americans who work acquire health insurance through their employers. But then, there are Americas who do not work and therefore, are unable to have health insurance. The Affordable Care Act was signed into law on March 23, 2010 by President Obama and the United States Congress, (North Carolina’s Institute of Medicine, 2012). This paper will focus on the impact of the Affordable Care Act on North Carolina’s uninsured. With the rising cost in health care and high co-payments pertaining to medical conditions, some people cannot afford health insurance. With the loss of jobs and losing their livelihood, some people cannot afford insurance. Individuals who work with small businesses do not have health insurance because these small businesses cannot afford to provide health insurance benefits for their employees. Som e people just do not work and therefore, do not have health insurance. This whole uninsured population is the ones who do not seek health care when they have health issues or have chronic medical conditions, and also do not practice preventative care. According to the North Carolina’s Institute of Medicine (2012), there was 1.6 million (19%) uninsured people living in North Carolina in 2010 and According to Milstead (4th edition, 2013), this group of uninsured whose income was below federal poverty level included pregnant women, children 18 years old and under, parents who were employed or unemployed, adults without children, disabled and the elderly population. By 2014, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) offered much new coverage for the uninsured population. It required states to offer Medicaid insurance to working families whose income was below the federal poverty level of 138%, that is $30,429 for a family of four ( Milstead, 2013). According to North Carolina’s Institute of Medicine (NCIOM), For a family making above the federal poverty level, but not enough to afford  health insurance, the ACA provided subsidies to help them purchase private insurance through new insurances that was created by the ACA. Before ACA, Medicaid only covered children, parents, pregnant women, disabled people and the elderly. Now in 2014, it is available to all adults making below the federal income level (NICOM, 2012). This population of insured people will now receive health services, preventative services, and prescription drugs and so on. By 2014, with the Affordable Care Act in effect, according to (NCIOM, 2012), almost 800,000 of people living in North Carolina that were not insured will be insured. 41% of this population will obtain insurance through private insurances and 59% through Medicaid. With this amount of surplus in insured patients, health care workers and professionals will be in greater demand, especially primary care providers. This may cause a longer wait period to see ones’ primary provider or a specialist. There will also be a decrease in treating preventative care. North Carolina is aware that there will be a shortage of medical personnel’s with this demand. They have to find the funds to educate and have enough health care providers to ensure that the workforce is available to meet the state’s demand of insured people. The health care workforce, who are the primary workers, include doctors, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, physicians’ assistants, psychologists, psychiatrists , medical assistants, nurse midwives, and licensed practical nurses. This workforce, in a broad spectrum, ensures that patients receive optimal quality care, treat and teach preventative care, manage chronic illnesses, both physically and mentally. To be able to increase the medical workforce in order to meet the health care needs of the population, North Carolina’s schools and universities have increased their students’ class capacities. Some of these schools including Duke University School of Medicine, The UNC Chapel Hill Department of Pediatrics/ UNC Hospitals, the nursing programs at UNC Wilmington, Western Carolina University and many others have received funding from the ACA and other agencies. Other groups are responsible to offer loans and scholarships in the effort to attract students into the medical field. Rural training is also available to students as well. (NICOM, 2012). North Carolina is also  encouraging a diversified form of teaching and is encouraging minorities to be a part of the medical workforce. They believe that patients will adhere to practicing better health and lifestyle changes if they are told to do so from someone of their own race. North Carolina is taking appropriate steps to be able to meet the health care needs of its insured people. The State has taken steps to expand the medical team workforce through offering scholarships and grants to different universities. This is to enable patients to receive access to good quality health care, both in the urban and rural areas. Community centers infrastructures are been redesigned to meet the needs of the insured population. Health insurance companies are responsible to provide health benefits such as low co-payments according to the plan an individual or family signs up for (NICOM, 2012). Health insurance companies are also responsible to be able to help pay for prescriptions drugs, outpatient care, emergency care, hospitalization, and preventative care practices. According to( NICOM, 2012), North Carolina is not a healthy state, but with the introduction of the ACA, they are planning to become a healthy state in the year 2020. The ethical implications of the Affordable Care Act are giving the citizens of North Carolina a right to have health insurance. No one should avoid going to the doctor when they are sick because they cannot afford it. Everyone should have a choice to practice preventative care medicine. According to the Whitehouse.gov, pre-existing conditions will no longer be a barrier to obtaining health insurance. Individuals and families will receive tax credit support to pay for their coverage. All in all, the Affordable Care Act has given all Americans the right to have health insurance. References North Carolina Institute of Medicine (NCIOM). Examining the Impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in North Carolina, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.nciom.org The Affordable Care Act: Immediate Benefits for North Carolina. Retrieved www.whitehouse.gov/files/documents/healthcare-facts Milstead, J. Health Policy and Politics, 2013.

Mother Earth

No matter where you live In this world, we are all sisters and brothers In humanity. All people In the world whether rich or poor, whether of different color, religion, culture or political conviction, we are all residents on this one planet, our home – Mother Earth. The time is now for us to carry her as she has carried and provided us through all times. It is time for us as human beings to give something in return.If we really don ‘t want to give our next generations a planet in such a condition that there will not be any hope for survival then, each and one of us should dig deeper to ourselves o the pros and cons to happen in the future to come. In our heart lies what we want to enjoy like peace, happiness, love and a healthy planet. We cannot stop the changes In our world but we can change Its direction, and we can change our ways.To make this happen, to make humanity and Mother Earth smile again, we must unite In a universal one. When we find love towards ourselves we will be able to love what is around us both people and nature. Mother Earth is crying. It is the heartbeat of Mother Earth. It is our heartbeat, from each and every one all over the world. It is the heartbeat of life itself. Let us make this heartbeat be able to continue.Let us Join hand in hand together in the call of Mother Nature to take care of her, preserve and nourish her in a way that we will benefit for our actions. Save before it's not yet too late for us to realize our mistakes. By chides We are all human beings. No matter where you live in this world, we are all sisters and brothers in humanity. All people in the world whether rich or poor, whether of We cannot stop the changes in our world but we can change its direction, and we can again, we must unite in a universal one. Mother Earth No matter where you live In this world, we are all sisters and brothers In humanity. All people In the world whether rich or poor, whether of different color, religion, culture or political conviction, we are all residents on this one planet, our home – Mother Earth. The time is now for us to carry her as she has carried and provided us through all times. It is time for us as human beings to give something in return.If we really don ‘t want to give our next generations a planet in such a condition that there will not be any hope for survival then, each and one of us should dig deeper to ourselves o the pros and cons to happen in the future to come. In our heart lies what we want to enjoy like peace, happiness, love and a healthy planet. We cannot stop the changes In our world but we can change Its direction, and we can change our ways.To make this happen, to make humanity and Mother Earth smile again, we must unite In a universal one. When we find love towards ourselves we will be able to love what is around us both people and nature. Mother Earth is crying. It is the heartbeat of Mother Earth. It is our heartbeat, from each and every one all over the world. It is the heartbeat of life itself. Let us make this heartbeat be able to continue.Let us Join hand in hand together in the call of Mother Nature to take care of her, preserve and nourish her in a way that we will benefit for our actions. Save before it's not yet too late for us to realize our mistakes. By chides We are all human beings. No matter where you live in this world, we are all sisters and brothers in humanity. All people in the world whether rich or poor, whether of We cannot stop the changes in our world but we can change its direction, and we can again, we must unite in a universal one.

A report on Five Internet Sites related to Language Development Essay

A report on Five Internet Sites related to Language Development - Essay Example Responses of growing children at specific age ranges are well defined in this chart. The first section deals with children below six months of age when vocalization and cognition of vocal stimuli begin to manifest. The child is able to discern between friendly and angry tones. In the next six months and by the end of first year children begin to use fragmented or whole monosyllables for communication and begin to comprehend the social value of verbal communication. After the elapse of another six months the child has a vocabulary of approximately 5-20 words, develops the habit of repeating words over and over and starts following simple commands. Vocabulary increases in the subsequent months although volume and pitch of the voice are often not well controlled. By the end of three years the child starts making intelligible use of verbs as well and develops reasoning ability. Cognitive ability is enhanced as the child attains the age of 5 years and can speak about things not present in its immediate environment. Speech at this stage is usually grammatically correct and the child comprehends the concept of time. Subsequent years result in dramatic developments and by the age of 8 years the child is expected to read and write as well. At this stage pitch and volume of the uttered sentences are well developed and can carry out healthy conversations. The site provides further links to parents to develop better communication with their off springs and handle speech and language problems at the right stage. It highlights the role of parents as instruments in assisting their children to develop better language skills. The site hosted by the popular search engine ‘About.com’ has a scholarly article on language development in the early years by Kimberly L. Keith, under the major title of Child Parenting. It focuses on the psychological aspects of the

Genetics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genetics - Lab Report Example Therefore, during the meiosis, four meiotic sexual haploid cells with altered heredity are produced and then genetic information is mixed. The second meiotic division is the same as mitosis one. As in mitosis, in meiotic anaphase II the single sister chromosomes (called chromatids) separate and move to opposite poles of the cell1. Meiosis is the basis of sexual reproduction because it occurs in maturing germ cells and leads to the appearing of new hereditary characteristics in the chromosomes. Gene is the coding DNA sequence that placed in the specific locus on the chromosome. Such coded chains displayed in different traits, such as color of skin or length of the stem. Allele is a variant of gene and can be dominant or recessive. For example, in diploid organism one gene contains two alleles; therefore, traits can be different. If both alleles are identical, the gene locus is homogenous. When alleles are different, such gene locus called heterogenic. A good example is the Huntington disease. Huntingtons disease has the autosomal dominant inheritance. Consequently, an affected person has at least one mutant allele of Huntingtin gene (HTT)2. The child, whose one parent is homogenous by disease, carries two different alleles of the HTT gene and is heterogenic by this gene. Therefore, this child inherited a mutant allele of HTT gene and the Huntingtons disease will progress. Another example is blood groups. Gene locus that encoded blood groups has three alleles — IA, IB, and IO3. These alleles determine compatibility of blood transfusions. The person carries one of the six possible genotypes – AA, AB, BB, AO, BO and OO. Each of genotypes produce one of the four possible phenotypes: "AB" heterozygotes, and "O" homozygotes, "A" AA homozygous and AO heterozygous and "B" BB homozygous and BO heterozygous genotypes4. Crossing-over is the process that occurs in prophase I of meiosis while homologous chromosomes

Will GM's Strategic Plan Lead to Future Success Case Study

Will GM's Strategic Plan Lead to Future Success - Case Study Example The third strategy that GM has implemented is the premium pricing strategy that has led to higher margins and prices thus ultimately leading to higher profits per unit sales. GM has cut the incentives for the dealers in order to attain higher margins. The fourth strategy linking the executive compensation to company performance through ensuring the executive bonuses are dependent on the margins posted by the company. The company has also carried out staff rationalization in order to reduce the boated wage bill. Based on the case study, GM’s vision is to become the most profitable automaker in the world. The company is not interested in expanding its market share, but its strategies aim at reducing the operating costs and increasing the unit margins in order to improve the profitability of the company (Daft 183). The vision is realistic since it managed to regain from Toyota as the largest automaker in term of sales figures and has increased its profit margins. The company has also controlled costs. In this case, higher margins and sales volumes will make GM the most profitable automaker if the measures implemented in controlling costs are successful. The first SMART goal is to raise profit margins by 10 percent. This goal is specific and measureable since the current profit margin is 6 percent and this could go up to 10 percent after restructuring the company and improving operational efficiency. The reduction in engineering and manufacturing costs through downsizing the auto platforms will significantly reduce the manufacturing costs. Use of standardized plants and assembling will also improve efficiency of operations and lower costs. Other companies that have few auto platforms have managed to attain a return of 10 percent of sales and this goal is realistic and time-bound since GM will have only 14 auto ‘platforms’ by 2018. The second SMART goal of GM is to make more than $ 10

How too conduct an accident investigation in the workplace Essay

How too conduct an accident investigation in the workplace - Essay Example Once at the scene take photographs and examine the site thoroughly for any possible causes of the accident or underlying causes that may have attributed to the event. For example if the site itself is an open plan work-room, describe the layout of the room with the position of all furniture, noting whether it was fixed or movable and in what condition it is in. Take a note of all, if any, cables and wiring and their location in regards to the accident, also note the type of lighting in the room, and if there are any bulbs or lights not working in case the room dimmed enough to cause an accident. Note what type of flooring the room has, if it carpeted or tiled and if there are any frayed or loose edges, or if the floor is made of polished wood or linoleum, if so is it polished enough to cause a person to slip. Is there any possibility of spilt liquids or leakages from over head pipes or under floor pipes. Once the site has been investigated and thoroughly examined the next stage is to interview the injured person or persons and any witnesses present or involved in the accident, including those who had a role after the event. Keep a copy of the report to hand, but as the injured party to describe the event prior to and leading up to their having the accident.

The America Story Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The America Story - Term Paper Example There are also other stories like the slave trade and it abolishment, the confrontation that existed between the Southern and the Northern States as well as the civil war of 1861-62. Moving into the nineteenth century, there are a plethora of stories about America, Their involvement in the First and Second World War and later Cold War with Russia, the civil movement in the US over discrimination led by Martin Luther and on the other front by Malcolm X (Foner and John 46). The spread of capitalism ideology to counteract the Communism spread by the Russian, there rise to World super power and the ensuing rivalry with USSR. These are just some of the stories that make part of the American story, throughout the movie reviews in our learning modules; I have considered some of the reviews to be American history by virtue of their contents. One of the movies that were reviewed had its central theme being the slavery in America, in deed, slavery is one of the stories America is widely known for, it explains the presence of the Blacks in most of the southern States of the US. During the Agrarian and industrial revolution, there were high demands for raw materials and labor to meet the escalated demands at the time. The US then engaged in slavery to obtain extra human resource that would be working in the farms and the industries, this activity continued in the US until mid of the nineteenth century when others considered it unproductive. The different views that were held in regard slavery necessitated the civil war in the US that was fought in 1862 between the Southern and the Northern States. Historically, Northerners were industrialist while the Southerners were agriculturalist; this classification made the Southerners to engage in slavery that the northerners, slaves were used in the farms as well as to run other errands that were related to agriculture, land was owned by few people while the rest were landless and had no right to own land. This meant that there was a few demand for the industrial goods that were made then, this did not augur well with the Northerners who wanted the feudal land policy to be done away with and slavery stopped in the hope that market for their products will be enhanced (Foner and John 56). From the movie review, it can be seen that Thaddeus Stevens were against the new rule that stopped slavery since it was going to hinder his progress economically, they wanted to prolong slavery, but Johnson’s plan to stop slavery could not be avoided. This move was vehemently resisted by pro slavery and sparked a fight between the Northern states and the Southern States popularly known as the civil war. Even Lincoln himself before being elected vowed not to stop slavery in the US but later while serving as the president, he saw the need to facilitate its abolishment. Like in the movie Kate Stone and her mother were almost rendered bankrupt after the war that fought slavery, they had about one fifty slave but were eventu ally left with none. It was a protracted struggle to abolish slavery and even after the abolishment, blacks were still being discriminated against and this led to the rise of civil movement in the US. Slavery and its consequences are part of the rich American story that cannot be avoided; in fact, the history of the US is not complete without talking about the slavery and the later civil movement that was witnessed in the nineteenth century. Following slavery in the US, it is interesting to note that other states did not approve it and was thus outlawed. In some cases when one moved from one state that approves slavery to the other that do not, they were forced to free the slaves. In the constitution of the US, slavery was not

Why wood engraving is still being used today Dissertation

Why wood engraving is still being used today - Dissertation Example The print is made on a block of wood and portions of wood are carved to bring the image on it. It has enormous appeal and aesthetic value, which made it a distinctive art form to create and admire. Unlike copper and steel engraving, wood engraving had an organic element to it, which made it an art to be cherished the wood engraved art forms are known for its ornamental beauty and attraction and had its origin in the eighteenth century. Wood engraving is one of the important relief processes apart from wood cut and linocut and is used till today for its elegance and antiquity. Wood engraving is in essence only a form of wood cut, but in effect and appearance it is quiet different. Wood engraving is the art of creating figures on the wooden block and was a very valuable art form in the olden times. The wood engraving art was previously known to the ancient Egyptians and they used it on rings and stamps. 1 The custom of stamping bricks in this manner was very general both with the Egypt ians and ancient Babylonians. Even the Greeks and Romans also practiced this art before the introduction of book printing .Chinese men also had the history of wood engraving in early period of time. It is believed that this art form got introduced to Europe in the late thirteenth century by some travelers visited the place. 1Chatto, W.A. (2005). A history of wood-engraving. Retrieved from http://www.antiquemapsandprint s.com/a-history-of-wood-engraving.htm The History of Wood Engraving Wood engraving gave a golden chance to European countries to grow out of olden wood cutting tradition. It is very difficult and impossible to trace the real origin of wood engraving as reflection of this art can be seen in many civilizations. 2 No man or group of men has been able to trace definitely the origin of the ancient art wood engraving. It was in sixteenth and fifteenth century; this art has got prominence by producing art works of unique beauty and precision. The Chinese, Greeks and Romans i n ancient times used this art form to produce various images and figures. Before the arrival of mechanized printing the Chinese people used wood block printing which was a type of wood engraving work. The art of printing with wooden blocks were prevalent in China before 600 century and Europeans brought this art from Chinese land. The Chinese have wooden engraved wooden block which is used for their complex characters and symbols and were superior in quality than that of the European counterparts. Moreover, the Egyptians and Babylonians also used wooden engraving to make stamps on documents and impressions for the benefit of royal families. After the nineteenth century, the influence of the Gothic students on Spain brought about monograms and stamps made out of wooden engraving. This practice was mainly done to overcome the inefficiency and inaccuracy of hand writings. It is believed that around thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Italian and German officials used frequently wooden engraved stamps to affix their official documents. 2Furner, J.W. (2010). A history of wood engraving. Retrieved from http://typocurious.com/a-history-of wood-engraving/ However today‘s form of wooden engraving can be dedicated to Thomas Berwick who was the pioneer of wood engraving art. Thomas Bewick was born on August 12th in county of Northumber and his father name was John Bewick who was a land scale colliery by profession. Unfortunately, Thomas displayed a high skill in early years of his life and this can be contributed to his ability to observe natural objects and manifest them in his work.3Thomas was apprentice at the age of fourteen, to Mr. Ralph Beilbey of lived Newcastle. He was a respectable copper engraver, and had very much reputation in the