Organic vs. Inorganic Foods Essay Example for Free

complete vs. In entire nutritions EssayIntroduction Our world instantly is infested and becoming way more dangerous with all these chemical substance substances. In an effort to increase productivity and confine bigger market sh bes, the use of fertilizers, pesticides, provender for thought additives much(prenominal) as dyes and additives has become so common that artificial ingredients be now outnumbering natural ingredients on legion(predicate) feed content labels, and it is the opinion of many experts that this constantly increasing use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and chemical additives has a direct connection to the alarming rise in skunkcer rates and new(prenominal) health problems. (Aldrich, P.1)Organic foods are quickly becoming recognized as a reasonable alternative in this chemical loaded world. The focus on environmentally straits agricultural methods and prolonging agriculture is getting the attention of many who are now concerned about what th eyre eating as well as the environment. Organic foods are what is happening. They are becoming a part of many traditional diets, and are viewed as an important and essential part of a healthy diet plan. They are also viewed as a reliable and safe alternative to the issues regarding conventionally grown, processed, and packaged foods.Many constituent(a) fol let downs believe that once youve tasted organic foods you slang go back to typically grown foods the taste is unbelievable. People are now looking for good food with real nutrition and quality and theyre decision it in organic foods. The realization of a need for quality food supplies is awakening interest in other areas such as environmental stewardship. These concerns dress from recycling your pop cans to selecting environmentally friendly household cleaning products.Learning organics provides many easy and interesting ideas that can help you do your part in preserving a healthy, prosperous environment for the people in your family. Body Eating organic foods is the key feature of the natural passion that is taking over the country. formerly an interest, organically grown foods seemed to be a major part of the diet of most people. Now with the growing attention on healthy habits and programs that help hold on illness, organic foods are quickly becoming the vital ingredients of the diet in typical America.Organic foods are the fastest growing style in the food industry. In fact, the demand for organically grown foods has increased 20% over last year. Sales of organic produce, for example, are now a multi-billion dollar industry. (Fisher, P. 22) obtain the Co op has for a long time been the best place to acquire organic foods. Now with increased consumer interest organic specialty supermarkets are soda up all over the nation. Major supermarkets are also stepping up to the demand, offering organic food departments and organic options in the produce sections of the store.The look of the coop is expandi ng to reflect the needs of added customers, and many gourmet oriented offerings are quickly becoming a part of the every day offerings at the co op, which but helps to make food shopping an increasing interesting and fun experience. As far as costs are concerned, those consumers jumping on the organic bandwagon go out pay more for organic foods, but they believe that the benefits far outweigh the 5% to 20% increase in cost. The trend in organic food is growing and as competition increases in order to address skyrocketing customer demand, prices will stabilize.Here are a few of the nutrients that were engraft in higher(prenominal) levels in the organic foods OChromium is a micronutrient that is low in Western diets. Its deficiency is associated with the onset of adult diabetes and atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Chromium was found to be higher in organic foods by an come of 78%. OSelenium is one of the antioxidant nutrients that protect us from damage by environmenta l chemicals. It is protective against cancers and heart disease. It was found to be an average of 390% higher in organic foods.OCalcium, needed for strong bones, averaged 63% higher in organics. OBoron, which has been shown to help prevent osteoporosis (along with calcium), averaged 70% more. OLithium, which is used to treat certain types of depression, was 188% higher. OMagnesium, which reduces fatality rate from heart attacks, keeps muscles from spasming, and eases the symptoms of PMS, averaged 138% more. OIn short, many of the minerals that I most often prescribe to my patients are found in much higher levels in organic foods. ORGANIC VS NON-ORGANIC Variations in Mineral Content in Vegetables.% of dry weightMilliequivalents per 100 gm dry weightTrace Elements parts per million dry matter Ash PhosCalMagnPotassSodBoronMangIronCoppCobalt SNAP BEANS Organic10. 450. 3640. 560. 099. 78. 67360227690. 26 Inorganic4. 040. 2215. 514. 829. 10. 01021030. 00 crimp Organic10. 380. 3860. 043. 6148. 320. 4421394480. 15 Inorganic6. 120. 1817. 515. 653. 70. 872200. 40. 00 LETTUCE Organic24. 180. 4871. 019. 3176. 512. 237169516600. 19 Inorganic7. 010. 2216. 013. 153. 70. 061930. 00 TOMATOES Organic14. 200. 3523. 059. 2148. 36. 536681938530. 63 Inorganic6. 070. 164. 54. 558. 80. 051100. 00 SPINACH Organic28. 560.5296. 0203. 9257. 069. 5881171584320. 25 Inorganic12. 380. 2747. 546. 984. 60. 8121190. 050. 20 Other studies have looked at vitamin levels of food plants treated with certain pesticides. They showed that application of some pesticides would significantly lower the vitamin levels in the plants they were applied to. This is different than the notion that plants raised with chemicals are low in nutrients because the soil is used up. This shows that chemicals actually reduce the amount of nutrients in plants after application. The nutrients most often affected are vitamin C, beta carotene, and the B vitamins.These nutrients are vitally necessary for the automobile tru nk to withstand the onslaught of chemical toxins. When they analyze organic food for mineral levels, the researchers also looked for the amount of the heavy metals aluminum, cadmium, lead and mercury. Aluminum has been implicated for years in the development of Alzheimers disease. Its content in organic food averaged 40% less that in commercial foods. Lead toxicity, which has been in the new a lot lately, can adversely affect our childrens IQ. It averaged 29% lower in organic foods. Mercury, which can cause neurological damage, averaged 25% lower in organic foods.(Aldrich, P. 1) Besides the lower levels of heavy metals, in that respect are the chemical residues themselves. The big question is whether or not the accumulation of pesticide residues in non-organic foods is a real health concern or not. Studies have never been able to once and for all show a direct correlation between residues in food and a decline of human health, but there are numerous problems in doing any such study . The first is that you would need a population of people who are free of chemical residues to compare to, and no one has been able to find a group.According to an constant EPA study of fat samples taken from surgeries and autopsies across the country, we are all loaded with chemical residues. Similar studies done on other countries all show the same results. (Baer, P. 1) The clearest studies that we have about pesticide residues and disease are those looking at breast cancer. In the last few years there have been a chain of studies, each building upon the other, looking at the level of ddt, dde, and pcb in women, They have shown that chemical residues in the serum and fat cells of women greatly increase the risk of breast cancer.Since breast cancer is a major killer of women in this country it is reasonable to say that avoidance of pesticide residues in food could save numerous lives and reduce our health care cost dramatically. After 50 years of Better Living through Chemistry sci entists have last shown that breast cancer is associated with pesticide residue, they have yet to prove that it causes numerous other maladies. I am not waiting for them to prove it before I exchange my eating habits. (Fisher, P. 12) As a clinician who sees numerous environmentally poisoned people with health problems, I am convinced of an association between chemicals and disease.The biggest source of exposure for many people is their workplace, then their homes, followed by air, food and water. Of these the easiest to control are our home environment and our diet. Eating organic food, drinking pure water, and watching our airborne chemical exposure can have profound effects on our health. My friend Steve, who has now gone through an extensive protocol to remove the pesticide residue from his body and had regained his health, will back me up on that. When he added up the costs of his illness in time off work and medical expenses, he found that eating organic food was much less ex pensive than eating non-organic foods.He is eating better foods now, and my organic garden continues to grow, along with my children. Conclusion The merely real problem with organic grown foods is that they are more expensive, and this is because the growers of this produce experience more loss since they dont use pesticides on their crops. As for the health benefits provided think, you wouldnt want to put any of these chemical pesticides straight into your body, but that is essentially what is happening when you consume these foods that have been sprayed with pesticides.Over a period of time these can cause harm, and this is why organic foods are so highly recommended for people trying becoming healthier. The organic industry has seen an explosion of growth in the prehistorical few years. In 1992, sales had already reached $1. 5 billion(Fisher, P. 16). Today the market is worth almost ten times that, and by 2009 its predicted the market will dual again to be worth close to $32 billion. Consumer demand for natural, organic foods is booming and shows no signs of slowing down. Look for labels that say certified or accredited organic.Labels that say all natural or naturally grown are OK, but they are not the same as certified organic which demands the movement of certain regulations. Producers and handlers must be certified by a USDA official certifying agent to sell, label, or represent their products as 100 percent organic or made with organic.References 1)Aldrich, Samuel R. Which System Can Meet the Food Needs in Todays World? Conventional V. Organic Farming. 09 Dec. 2006 . 2)Baer, Firman E. Firman E. Baer Report. Orgnanic Vs. Inorganic. Rutgers University. 12 Dec. 2006 . 3)Fisher, Helen S. Food Safety.Detroit Gale Group, 2004. 1-29. 4)Lexile. Good Food? Good Food? Ethical Food. The Economist 9 Dec. 2006 12. 5)Wal-Mart Charged with Selling Nonorganic Food as Organic. U. S. Newsire 14 Nov. 2006 17-18. 6)Corbett, John R. The Biochemical Mode of Action s of Pesticides. New York pedantic P, 1974. 2-16. 7)Dunn-Georgiou, Elisha. Everything You Need to Know About Organic Foods. New York Rosen Publications, 2002. 65-82. 8)Lipson, Elaine. The Organic Foods Sourcebook. Chicago Contemporary Books, 2001. 15-42. 9)Rousseau, George S. Organic Form TH Elife of an Idea.

Supply Chain Strategy Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Strategy EssayWhat recent changes have caused supply chain management to gain importance? 2. With so much productive capacity and room for expansion in the United States, why would a company based in the United States choose to grease ones palms items from foreign firm? Discuss the pros and cons. The use of foreign firms can provide a U. S. firm more alternatives in selecting a provider.The pros atomic number 18 more choices, potentially reduced costs in the areas of materials, transportation, production, and distribution, and potentially moving closer to a foreign market. The cons are the distance is generally increased, communications problems are increased receivable to distance, culture, and technology. There may be problems with customs, government regulations, political stability, etc. 3. Describe the differences between functional and innovative products. Functional products are staples that people buy in a wide range of retail outlets.Typically, they do n ot change much over time, have low profit margins, stable predictable train and long life cycles. Innovative products, on the other hand, give customers additional reasons to buy. Fashionable clothes and personal computers are examples of innovative products. Innovative products have petty life cycles, high profit margins, and volatile demand. 4. What are characteristics of cost-effective, responsive, risk-hedging and agile supply chains? Can a supply chain be both efficient and responsive? Risk-hedging and Agile? Why or Why not?As a supplier, which factors would you consider about a buyer (your potential customer) to be key in setting up a long-term relationship? The financial stability and credit worthiness of the company is of primary importance. The reputation of the company visavis their supplier is also very important. For example, is this a company that is fair with its suppliers and honors its payables in a timely fashion? Is the technological match between supplier and customer adequate? Will delivery schedules and quantities be stable, facilitating smooth operations?For the value density example in Exhibit 10. 9, what would the effect be if a competing firm offers you a similar service for 10 percent less than Federal Expresss rates? 7. What are the advantages of using the delay strategy? Process postponement delays the process step that differentiate the product to as late in the supply chain as possible. The advantages of this approach are that lower levels of inventory, and fewer models are needed to match customer requirements. This results in higher levels of customer satisfaction at a lower cost.

Expatriation, expenses, advantages and disadvantages

Expatriation, expenses, advantages and disadvantagesExpatriation, the practice of sending home country managers to other country locations, is a popular, albeit expensive practice among multinational corporations. Expatriates argon charged with facilitating the two-way flow of knowledge and resources between company headquarters and overseas subsidiaries. Typically, the company expects its dislodge managers to infuse company philosophy into the local subsidiary, as well as to impose policies and procedures consistent with headquarter operations. They argon often responsible for the movement of financial resources, whether this be physical capital or the ability to tap local debt and blondness markets. They bring with them managerial as well as technical expertise, functional capabilities, or the training necessary to develop these among the local personnel, and structural and control systems. Among these are appraisal systems and motivational tools and incentives.Either while on assignment or upon repatriation, the expatriate should be able to share information with the parent company regarding local infrastructure, such as roads, housing conditions, and transportation systems. In addition, knowledge regarding the political climate, negotiating techniques, host government concerns, and consumer preferences is passed on to the parent. Finally, expatriates should learn a great deal about(predicate) business practices specific to the regions where they concur been assigned, including holidays and observances, accepted business attire, and the appropriate ways to communicate and socialize with co-workers and locals in general.BackgroundGiven the rapid rise in the internationalization of markets, competition, and technology, expatriatesand in particular long-term expatriatescan provide much of the value-creation opportunities planetary unshakables are seeking. But as the numbers of assignments increases, along with their annual address by some estimates, t wo-to-four times the individuals base salary, there is need to assure such assignments are being effectively utilized in achieving Companys strategic goals. scarce 57 percent of the global firms responding to a 2005 survey by GMAC Relocation Services perceived their return on investment (ROI) in expatriates to be nifty or excellent, with only 43 percent indicating they had specific programs in place to improve it. Other surveys show that up to 85 percent of managers do non even attempt to demonstrate the ROI of long-term international assignments, nor do they measure it. Thus, expatriate ROI appears to be, not only rarely calculated among global firms but excessively not widely used as a tool to reduce expatriate approachs, despite a growing economic environment of global uncertainty, cost cutting, and risk.IntroductionThis report is programmeed to investigate effectiveness of expatriate remuneration in a multinational organization. For this sub minute I have chosen ICI, as t his company is operating in many European as well as Asian countries and still in continuation of expanding its operations. Goals for the expatriates in ICI, with the flying field carried to dismember the effectiveness in achieving those targets are featured in this small study. This study will examine how the expats are remunerated and what bases are used in doing so, moreover basis opted for rewards system. Others matters considered alongside are considerations for the costs of family residency, insurances, childrens education, properties, and other expenses including incentives. Gains and nuisances of the expats are issued for the consideration from expats points of view.Moreover explanation of the question methodology coupled with justification for the research is complied in. over cod to the nature of the topic, secondary sources of information are used as the primary sources were difficult and time consuming.ICI has many expatriates around the world in various countries of contrary continents, which includes Asia, Europe- as unavoidable by its diverse operations. Sending expatriates on long term assignments is complicated as it triggers diverse needs (i.e. social needs, ethical issues, religions, family commitments and backgrounds, etc). hence on one side selecting, enticing, and retaining expatriate staff for long continuance of their foreign assignment and on the other designing rewards system for such building complex and diverse roles adds difficulties for the organization.Aim and ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the effectiveness of expatriate remuneration at ICI. In order to achieve this aim, the following objectives have been set* reveal a model for measuring expatriate remuneration.* To assess the current expatriate remuneration for ICI.* To conduct fieldwork and collect data on the effectiveness, ethics, etc.* Analyse the results of the fieldwork and comprise the results of the investigation.Model for measuring Expatriates Remu nerationA large studies conducted by the researchers concluded that only 51 out of many global firms participating in the study desired to obtain an acceptable ROI from their expatriates.ROI determinations should also include nonfinancial costs and benefits in order to capture the long-term, post assignment benefits such as skills transfer, global leadership capabilities, succession readiness, and other talent management objectives.McNulty and Tharenou have defined expatriate ROI as a calculation in which the financial and nonfinancial benefits to the firm are compared with the financial and nonfinancial costs of the international assignment, as appropriate to the assignments intent.This definition implies two important conditions* Managers must know the intent for using expatriateshow the purpose of an international assignment is linked to a firms overall global strategyin order to then track the benefits and costs.* Managers must include both tangibles and intangibles when calcu lative and comparing costs and benefits. Accurate rates of return are then more likely to be determined when the benefits are compared with the costs, even if a cost is financial (e.g., the cost of cross-cultural training) and the corresponding benefit is nonfinancial (e.g., the benefit of improved performance).In turn, these conditions imply a robust system for creating, approving, documenting, tracking, and evaluating international assignments. sagaciousness the current expatriate remuneration for ICIDuring the course of my study I focused my study plan on remuneration of 10 Individuals designated as expatriates with a province of transferring ICI system IT-based skills to other subsidiaries/ offices located across the regions.The individuals selected were salaried Approx. around 4,000 per month during course of their normal office routine work. When and as employee designated as expat, a remove remuneration model was designed for each keeping in view the following* Working hou rs* Job specifications* Number of travels/locations to different sites* Period for which the expat assigned for the additional assignmentThe model devised without considering as exception circumstances is illustrated below* If the expat tenure for the special assignment is for a period covering more than 2 divisions, the expat is allowed to detract is family (wife and children) along, at his discretion. The salary package of the said expat will be 180% of his gross salary during this tenure.* If the expat tenure for the special assignment is for a period little than 2 years, the expat is not allowed to take is family at COs expense. However he will be allowed to claim return air tickets thrice a year with 20 days paid leaves and will be remunerated at 140% of his original gross salary.* All the medical and other facilities entitled to the employees during routine office duty shall retain and other expenditure related to the business such as travelling, out of pocket expenses sha ll be reimbursed to the employees.Problems faced by expatriate while implementing head office system/ rules* Expatriates were charged with either learning the host language or communicating through gestures or other non-verbal methods, or they may invoke the services of translators or interpreters* Psychological types of strains, including the negative psychological reactions of anxiety, anger, and frustration when not been able to deliver or transfer knowledge payable to national/ regional differences.* Relationship between sociability and cross-cultural adjustment discovers them feel alienated.* Understanding of the values and norms of the local nationals was hard to follow and observe. Patience was required to build the relationships and the trust.Fieldwork and Ethics IssuesMeeting the Senior Manager Finance Manager during their blue-chip busy working hours and requesting them to give some guideline by providing knowledge about the Expats and the remuneration model designed f or the assignments.Moreover during discussion session with the managers, I insisted on asking more details and insights that were not available documented, for which the superior manager was hesitant of doing so, as in their opinion certain information was very sensitive and arise tax sensitive issues.The analysis also problematical use of companys IT resources like internet, desktop and other ancillary equipments.Moreover in gathering information about my research/field work I had to make certain quality compromises, as the information was not readily available and the management was hesitant over concerns regarding its secrecy.Following is the data gathered and analysed of the employees during their services as expats.Name of the Employee/ExpatID Gross SalarySpecial Assignment AllotmentSalary for m/o Dec 09MedicalTravel plus MiscTotal lav Desusa3453,500140%4,9001004505,450Ali Kirmani65763,000140%4,2001,1103675,677Patric Mandela3564,000140%5,6005211,2007,321Keith Ronaldo67875,000 140%7,0001242907,414John Ferry7544,000180%7,2004133007,913Harban Bhaveja75644,500180%8,100203948,514Research MethodologyData are analysed through primary and secondary data research. This is where financial value i.e. quantitative data or the brand image i.e. qualitative data for ICI will be inspected in those countries where expats are doing the work. This will be done by individual countries examination of customer base and/or business base depending on what expats have been sent for and what is meant to be achieved there. Knowledge of all countries is brought together for expats as well as all costs incurred are part of this study. It has complete similarities and differences within this duration of expatriation. These include currency evaluations differences in other countries and the amount that has been spent in those countries is worth the effort. However, this should mean that the expats are giving identical efficiency level as they would have while being in the UK in the aw ay country depending on the targets being given. In most cases, ICI gives a smaller pay due to the economy being down. However, still pays well even after slump where GBP is strong.Data Collection MethodsDue to the nature of the topic, both primary and secondary sources evenly provided appropriate and valuable information. Although using the former source was difficult and time consuming.Primary SourceAn interview was held with Mr. Zawan Navade Senior Finance Manager ICI. The primary purpose of this interview was to assess the potential benefits expats providing to the Organisation with the cost being incurred.Moreover, a meeting was arranged with the Human Resource Manager to gain information regarding the design of the remuneration packages related to the potential benefits to the entity.Secondary SourcesThese consisted of the following* Payroll Sheets* Documented Reward system* Special assignment contractsLimitationsFinancial data by itself may not be sufficient for the purpose of my research work, therefore expert input from Companys senior executives was required but most of the information in my research report is secondary as I was not able to directly approach the companies executive all the time and have limited use of their valuable time due to their tight official schedules and their reservations.

Non Cooperative Target Recognition Information Technology Essay

Non Cooperative Tar encounter actualisation Information Technology EssayOne of the most important aspects of any rubbish situation is tar lodge appellative or recognition. In windy combat, the problem is compounded beca spend of large mountain chains and similar looking fighter aircraft. Unless a threat is ascertained, foreclose offensive action cannot be initiated. The problem of buns realisation in the present air combat scenario has been further complicated due to the large range of the smart generation Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles1. composition in the yesteryears, procedural control and frames the likes of Identify Friend or Foe (IFF) were in place, they did not guarantee positive identification, since they were not stand l cardinal(prenominal) when in nature2. Therefore there was need to develop a stand alone system capable of identifying airborne threats.2. Thereafter Non Cooperative cigaret Recognition (NCTR) techniques were developed, which did not depend on any direct deducticipation from the target for identification purposes. With the emergence of this technology, a big hope was created that this technique would be resolve all the identification issues. The NCTR technology started gaining momentum in the middle eighties and is that to prove its capability, almost 25 years on3. Despite technological advances in computers, NCTR is yet to see the light of the twenty-four hour period. Though some(prenominal) modern day Airborne Interception (AI) radio espial and rangings feature NCTR, it is let off not being used as the primary inwardness of target identification. NCTR at present is being used in conjunction with IFF and other procedural methods primarily due to its reduced reliability.3. Incorporation of NCTR technology in the older AI radio detection and rangings may involve change of the radar itself. Considering this and the fact that NCTR technology has not fully matured, is NCTR really the most economically viable sol ution for airborne target identification at present? Or is there a better system available for this purpose?Methodology4. Statement of Problem. Modern day air combat environment is dense with two friendly as well as hostile aircraft. Identification is a serious problem and this has been further compounded by world-shatteringly large ranges of new generation air to air missiles. Erstwhile methods of target identification like IFF harbour failed in many an(prenominal) situations, leading to fratricides. Would employment Non Cooperative Target Recognition techniques alone resolve this issue?5. Hypothesis. NCTR as a technology is very demanding on the computer hardw argon as well as package. So at present NCTR may not be the best solution for problems related to aircraft identification in a dense air combat environment. It is possible to get inputs from all available sensors like AI radars, AWACS, aerostats etc and integrate them to form an intelligent composite picture and identif y friends from foes. However NCTR as a concept is still very lucrative.6. Justification of Study. The requirement and importance of target identification is fairly obvious and annals will bear testimony to the fact that most of the fratricides have been due to incorrect identification. Earlier systems have failed primarily because the onus of identification was with the target. unfitness to prove himself for whatever reason, resulted in a friendly target being declared hostile. While NCTR as a concept seemed to be a good solution, the technological implementation of the concept has still not emerged fail proof. Also, integrating of various other existing sensors in a networked environment to form an intelligent composite picture seems to be a more viable solution.7. Scope. The range of a function of this paper is to examine as to whether NCTR is really the path ahead, as far as target identification goes. The paper will look into the complexities associated with database required for airborne target identification (3 dimensional space, multiple aircraft configurations etc.) and in addition the technical limitations associated with implementation of NCTR. The paper would also examine the feasibility of implementing other techniques of identification. The scope would be particular to logical analysis based on available information on the subject and would not involve any scientific experiment or numeric computations.8. Methods of data collection. NCTR as a subject has gained momentum only in the past few years and hence has very few publications giving staple insight. Most of the data has been collected on the internet including soft copies of the books and validated thesis by others. The sources are mentioned in the bibliography at the end of the paper.9. Organisation of the Dissertation. It is proposed to memorize the subject in the following manner-(a) Chapter I entre and Methodology. In this chapter the subject is introduced. This chapter also defin es the statement of problem, the justification for the research and the methodology involved.(b) Chapter II gather up for Airborne Target Identification systems. This chapter brings out the requirement and complexities involved in airborne target identification.(c) Chapter III History of NCTR. This chapter gives a brief insight into the history of NCTR(d) Chapter IV How exactly NCTR Works. To appreciate the complexity involved in the airborne identification process, it is important to understand how exactly NCTR functions. This chapter brings out the complexities involved in the working of NCTR.(e) Chapter V Various Types of NCTR Techniques. This chapter brings out the types of NCTR techniques available for use. Though the chapter is technical in nature, it is important to assimilate the various techniques in order to understand the complexity and before long comings of the system.(f) Chapter VI Database Generation. The efficiency of entire process involved in NCTR depends o n an accurate and exhaustive database. This chapter brings out the methods available and the limitations in generating adequate database. Again this chapter like the previous chapter is slightly technical in nature despite best efforts of keeping it as simple as possible.(g) Chapter VII Technical Limitations of the System. While so far the paper dealt with the software aspects, this chapter would bring out the technical limitations of the hardware required by the radar for functioning of NCTR.(h) Chapter VIII Alternatives to NCTR. This chapter looks at the alternatives to NCTR for target identification.(j) Chapter IX Conclusion. This chapter concludes the topic.CHAPTER IINEED FOR AIRBORNE TARGET IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMSIf you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the resultsof a hundred troths. SUN TZUIntroduction1. In any hostile situation it is important to identify the adversary. Without knowing who the enemy is, how can one fight? Same is true for aerial combat, only with added degree of difficulty. While in the earlier years, aircraft identification was mostly restricted to visual identification, with improvement in technology this was no longer possible. The increasing ordnance ranges post founding War II do it difficult to visually identify aircraft in air during combat.2. And also, any given airspace may keep in line friendly, neutral as well as hostile aircraft. How can one fire at an aircraft without ascertaining its nature / intent. Therefore aircraft identification forms a vital part prior to weapon launch.Tragic Incidents.3. History is full of tragic incident of misidentification in air. There are numerous examples of neutrals having been gap from the sky. There also many cases of fratricides even in the recent conflicts. Some of them have been enumerated below4-(a) On 5 October 2001, a Russian Sibir Tu-154 Airliner flying from Israel to Russia was thought to have been scene overcome by a missile fired by Ukrainian troops i n a military exercise.(b) In April 1994, 02 USAF F-15 aircraft under positive control, accidently shot down their own Army Black Hawk Helicopters in Northern Iraq5.Visual Identification of Aircraft4. World War Era. In both the first and back world war, aircraft recognition did not pose any major problem. In this era, the kill solution was attained by use of guns and hence the weapon ranges were more(prenominal) closer as compared to the distances at which the targets were discernable. The aircraft were slow moving and it was possible to spot and identify the type of aircraft before commencing offensive action. The combat was largely within the so called Visual Bubble of the pilot/s. As can be seen from Fig 2.1, the aircraft can be visually recognized by identifying the distinct shape, wring and distinctive visual features of the aircraft. out-of-pocket training was imparted for this. In fact, in United Kingdom, The Royal Observer Corps (ROC) was formed, which had civilian pers onnel specially trained for identifying aircraft6.Fig 2.1 Aircraft of World War Ihttp//www.military-aircraft.org.uk/ww1-fighter-planes/nieuport-17.jpgRoyal Aircraft Factory SE5A World War One Aircraft5. Post World War II. However post World War II, there was a rapid improvement in the fighters and weapon technology. With the advent of close combat air to air missiles and increase in weapon ranges, the hostile aircraft had to be identified by at least 2-3 km to initiate evasive action. Also the newer jets were similar looking in terms of shape and size. In the Fig 2.2, photos of F-15 and MiG-29 aircraft are primed(p) side by side for comparison. While F-15 is an American fighter, MiG-29 is from erstwhile Russia. One can easily appreciate the similarity of features which may result in one being mis happen uponn for the other. If this is the case at close ranges (20 30m), it would be reasonable to assume that visual identification would be almost impossible at ranges of 2 km and b eyond.Fig 2.2 Visual Comparison of F-15 and MiG-29 Fightershttp//www.atfx.org/photos/f15a.jpghttp//www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/fighter/mig29/mig29_12.jpg6. Post World War II, there also has been a significant increase in the hurry of fighters engaged in aerial combat. This fact together with earlier mentioned aspects makes visual identification a pass. The use of radars did give some respite to the aerial fighters. However the weapon solution was still based on visual identification. With the advent of BVRs, the need for alternate means of identification gained importance. Without this, the full capability of BVR cannot be exploited7.7. To tackle this problem of target identification, some techniques like the IFF (Identify Friend or Foe) have been developed so far. IFF systems are based on gainsay response system. The system consists of a transponder fitted on the aircraft which replies in the form of suitable codes to any other IFF system. If the codes match, the aircraft is d eclared friendly. However should the code be incorrect or in case of no response, the aircraft is declared hostile. It should be kept in mind that response would not be possible in case of battle damage, loss of encryption keys, wrong encryption keys, or equipment failure. Therefore the major drawback of this system was that it was imperative on the part of the friendly aircraft to prove that he is friendly. In the event of improper transponder, there are chances of fratricide.8. Therefore there is a need to have a stand alone system capable of identifying and recognizing aircraft to take timely responsive action and also to prevent fratricide / shooting down of neutrals.CHAPTER IIIHISTORY OF NCTRKnow thy self, know thy enemy. A thousand battles, a thousand victories. SUN TZU1. Need for a Stand Alone System. As can be seen from the last chapter, the IFF systems had a major drawback, that of requiring participation from the other aircraft. Inability to participate in the challenge response loop by other aircraft due to whatever reason was construed as Hostile by the system. This has resulted in many fratricides in the past. A number of such fratricides due to incorrect IFF resulted in the need for a stand alone system. Some more cases of disasters due to faulty IFF are enumerated below-(a) 1980. An Italian DC-9 passenger plane was shot down with a missile near Sicily. The missile was aimed by mistake because of incorrect IFF and contrariety of the type of plane. 81 passengers died.8(b) 1988. In the Persian Gulf, an Iranian Airbus was shot down by an SM-2 standard missile. The aircraft was erroneously recognized as an F-14 fighter aircraft. 298 people died.9(c) 2003. A glaring example of fratricide due to faulty IFF is that of two Royal Air Force Tornados returning after a mission in Iraq , which were shot down by US Patriot missiles on 22 Mar 03, in which both the crew were killed instantly. The investigating board attributed one of the causes as faulty IFF probably broken down due to power failure10.2. These kind of mishaps led to the requirement of having a system which could identify aircraft without the active involvement of the unsung aircraft. The concept of NCTR dates back from the mid seventies. A program started by the USAF code named Musketeer, introduced the idea of NCTR for the first time. In this program, the aircraft radar was used to count the cull out blades in the engine11. This technology was later named as Jet Engine Modulation which would explained in detail in the subsequent chapter. The radar ghost was droll to each engine. Since most aircraft had different engines, this technique was exploited for identifying the type of aircraft.3. Though the concept was introduced in the mid seventies, the computational technology thusly was not adequate. The radar per se only gathers data and the extraction of useful information has to be done by the radar computers. Hence NCTR technology had to wait till mid eighties for the computer technology to catch up.12Thereafter the USAF had incorporated NCTR modes in the An/APG 63 radar of F-15 C aircraft. During the Gulf war in 1990- 91, use of this technique was made in conjunction with Airborne Warning And Control System (AWACS) for identifying hostile aircraft13.4. Post Gulf war some progress was made in Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) systems. These systems did not restrict themselves to aircraft radars and were mostly ground based systems using millimetric wave radars14. The ranges of these radars were significantly lesser than airborne interception radars. While these radars were completely different in terms of technology and operating ranges, the basic concepts were similar. However the computations involved in aerial target recognition was much high than ground targets. Though many experiments were conducted on ATR systems, the progress in NCTR was not at the same pace.5. Post 1985, NCTR was tried and fitted on the USAF F-14, F-16 and F-18 ai rcraft. In addition, NCTR was also fitted on selected foreign F-15s (Israeli), British Tornados and French Mirage 2000-5s15. Today, in 2010, the technology has still not fully matured and still cannot be used in isolation for aerial target identification.CHAPTER IVPRINCIPLE OF OPERATION AND COMPONENTS OF NCTRPrinciple of Operation1. Now before proceeding further, it would be prudent to understand how NCTR principles work. NCTR fundamentally relies on the returns from the target aircraft. Hence no active participation (as in IFF) is required from the target aircraft. Non Cooperative Target Recognition like any other identification process would in simple terms consist of first sensing the target. Then the relevant features of the target are extricated and compared with a database. Thus any NCTR system should essentially contain a Sensor, a Feature Extractor and a Classifier.2. The principle of operation of NCTR is very similar to Optical Character Recognition (OCR) as in computers. The data from the target is collected by a suitable sensor and relevant data extracted. This is compared to the data existing in the depository library and then classified based on the results of the comparison. And for the success of this technique, a huge library of various aircraft profiles is required as database for comparison. The steps involved in identifying the target aircraft has been show in Fig 4.1. The flow chart of target recognition shows that the Recognition Algorithm takes two inputs namely measured target touch sensation and signatures stored in the library and gives target identity as the output. Recognition Algorithms have been briefly explained subsequently.Fig 4.1 Flowchart of Target RecognitionSENSOR3. Choice of Sensor. Choice of sensor is a very important part of this identification process. Without proper or adequate returns from the target, it would be nearly impossible to accurately classify the aircraft. For NCTR per se, a number of sensors are availab le Optical, Infra red, laser, acoustic and radar. However the optical, IR and laser sensors are prone to adverse weather conditions like moisture, dust etc. Also the detection ranges of these sensors are significantly lesser as compared to air to air weapon ranges especially in a BVR environment. Radar as a sensor has significant advantages as compared to the other sensors for the following reasons16-(a) Aircraft are generally constructed by radar contriveive material (even those with carbon composite have metal parts that reflect radar).(b) Radar can be used by day or night and is not affected by haze, fog, snow and rain.(c) Radar ranges are much higher than other sensors due to reduced atmospheric propagation attenuation..(d) Radar has been one of the most extensively used sensors for aerial surveillance and the technology to generate, dumbfound and process radar communicates has been continuously refined for nearly 100 years.Hence radar is the optimum choice of sensor for NCT R on fighter aircraft. Moreover radars are already in place in all the modern generation fighters. Hence there would be no requirement to add a give way sub system on the aircraft.4. Sensor Requirements. The radar capability required for the NCTR is specific. It is misnomer that any radar can be made NCTR capable. Suitable radar software is not the only thing that required for NCTR process. It is important that the radar design is appropriate to the type of measurement that has to be performed and to provide the type of target signature required. In order to obtain signatures of high integrity, the waveform must be carefully designed and the radar must support the transmission and reception of the signal without distortion17. The radar must be designed to minimize the effects of multiple reflections and clutter. The radar must also possess sufficient energy so that the returns from the target contain adequate data, required for the recognition process. Therefore it may not be possi ble to upgrade the existing radars with NCTR capability. Should it be possible, it may entail change of major components, which may not be the most economical solution for preventing fratricides.FEATURE EXTRACTOR5. Function. The returns from the radar are simply electromagnetic pulses. It is of no use unless, relevant data is extracted from them. This is done by the Feature Extractor. Feature extraction is a process which happens inside the radar computer by means of suitable algorithms. These algorithms look for a specific attribute and isolate them for comparison. The algorithm for feature extraction would depend on the type of NCTR technique being employ for target recognition. Types of NCTR techniques are explained in detail in the next chapter.6. Constraints. Feature extraction is a highly complex problem due to highly propulsive nature of fighter aircraft18. The radar returns from the aircraft are highly aspect dependent. More the aspect, more and stronger the radar returns , hence better feature extraction Aspect topple in simple terms is a measure of how much of the target aircraft is visible. When viewed from front / rear minimum area is visible and this is Zero aspect. When viewed from broad side, upper limit area of the aircraft is visible. Now the aspect angles in 3D space are both in terms of elevation as well as azimuth. Due to highly aspect dependent nature of the scattered signature, the process of feature extraction becomes even more difficult. Also due to movement of the target, the radar signatures get distorted and this poses problems not only in feature extraction but also classification. These aspects are discussed in detail in Chapter 5.7. After the radar has communicable the pulses, detected and processed the return from the target of interest, the target signature is now ready for the recognition process. In order to perform correct target recognition, a lot of information needs to be known about the target. These information are c ontained in the form of a library in the radar computer. The lucubrate of database and database generation are discussed in detail in Chapter 6.CLASSIFIER8. Classifier. The classifier in an NCTR system compares the extracted features of the target signature with the already existing library of aircraft signatures. The comparison is made with the avail of recognition algorithms19. Recognition algorithms are mathematical techniques or formulae that compare the signatures which have been measured with the mathematical models of aircraft existing in the radar library. The algorithms are designed to test and assess how close a match a particular signature is to reference signature contained in the library. With the help of these algorithms, the classifier now assigns the most appropriate and approximate identity to the target. Shown in the fig 4.2 is a target signature being compared with the three reference signatures. On close analysis though the target signature does not perfectly match any of the reference signatures, it is closest to Target C. Therefore the classifier would it assign the measured signature as Target C.Fig 4.2 Target Signature Comparison with Reference Signatures9. Target signatures have to be measured, modelled and analysed, to enable the attributes used for recognition to be identified. The techniques for reliably extracting these attributes from the target have to be determined. Libraries of target data have to be assembled, ordered, managed and updated as new targets emerge and more target signature data becomes available. The development of reliable recognition algorithms is clearly precise for developing a high-performance target recognition capability.10. While a computer can easily identify various objects based on the size, shape, colour etcetera, it would still lack the ability to identify objects logically as the human brain does. Till the neural and genetic algorithms are not fully developed, it would be difficult to optimize NCTR for aerial identification.

The Genre Of Documentary Photography

The Genre Of Documentary PhotographyIn his examination of Lt. Col. Oliver L. Norths portrait, taken by Harry Benson for Life Magazine (1987), Andy Grundberg (1988) emphasizes the importance of the camera position, background elements and attitude of the subject towards a heroic appearance, even though the macrocosm was somewhat different, microscopical in an separate, less interesting news scud of Colonel North facing the full house of Congress. The juxtaposition of the two photographs makes one think of the kind of schooling photographs leave behind. Is it an actual reflection of the actuality or something more interpretable and selective?Putting this into the perspective of the pre-photographic history one could say that photographs are better representations of the historical events than say, paintings or drawings. Nevertheless this is not entirely true because photography potful also be biased exactly as a painting using different capturing techniques, tumbles, and recent ly computer aided photo manipulation which makes everything so much easier to tamper with.John Griersons which is generally accepted as being the beget of the enumerationary musical genre characterized it as the inventive treatment of actuality. The first question that comes to my mind is why did he use the term actuality and not reality?For this we make believe to take a look at the definition of actuality. According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary actual means existing in fact or reality. In my mentation reality is what you interpret and you think something is, and actuality is what it really is by looking at the facts. Reality and actuality are strongly connected and one backside say that reality is what you perceive from actuality.John Tagg (p.172, 1988) argued that It is not a question of the struggle for truth save, rather, of a struggle around the status of truth and the economic and political affair it plays.One of the iconic photographs that apply to this statement is Dorothea Langes Migrant get under ones skin and the extensive debates around the truthfulness of the photograph. Is it that important that the photograph was staged, edited and cropped or not? The agitate is that even though it might be a staged photograph it still conveys the reality of the time. Lange was sent on assignment for the Farms Security Administration to document the poverty of the share-croppers. The story she associated with the realize was not entirely true plainly it efficiently showed the condition of the migrant workers.It is arguable that the changes made to the original Migrant Mother photograph created the notoriety of the motion-picture show (i.e. the editing out of the thumb, and the possible staging of the photograph). If we look at some of the other images from the shoot we can see understandably that at least one of the children is smiling. This could lead to the belief that Lange posed the two children with their faces behind her mother t o hide their light heartedness.The final portray and the iconic image of the Migrant Mother is relating to what Grierson refers as creative treatment of actuality and nevertheless a reality for everyone who saw the image at the time.Another very well-known photograph which had a lot of debate whether is true or not, is one made by Duane Michals called This Photograph is My Proof. Duane admitted1he is gay in many of his interviews, so how can this photograph be true? He realised he is gay before his 20s and the photograph is taken when he was in his 30s thus leading us to think the photograph was staged.Tagg (p.16, 1993) argued that The camera seems to declare This really happened. The camera was there. See for yourself. Ask yourself under what conditions would a photograph of the Loch Ness Monster or an unnamed Flying Object become acceptable as proof of their existence? It seems that for Tagg the actuality of a photograph can only be proven by other means and not only by the photo on itself.The general belief is that photography is an objective medium able to portray an objective reality, but if we think about it one photograph is just one point of view. Just by changing the angle in which you take the photograph you can change its whole meaning. Edward Weston and Paul Strand were among the ones that strongly believed the mechanical nature of the camera is the most powerful argument for the truthfulness of photographs.In the book On photography, Sontag argues that (p176, To us, the difference between the photographer as an individual eye and the photographer as an objective recorder seems fundamental, the difference often regarded, mistakenly, as separating photography as art from photography as document. But both are logical extensions of what photography means note-taking on, potentially, everything in the world, from every possible angle. This approach suggests that every image taken for artistic purposes or for recording purposes has a accusative quality . It means that even though someone took a photograph for aesthetic purposes its still a recording, but from another point of view. She further explains that the two attitudes underlie the presumption that anything in the world is material to the camera. If we could photograph the same subject from every angle by many different creative eyes we could end up with a series of images that show the actuality.Martin Parr had a different approach on objective photography adding humour and irony to almost If not all of his photographs. He has a unique way of telling a story which is often harsh. His creative dah is covered in irony, and this generates a very strong statement about society. His approach seems to be very close to actuality even if his unique style is very distinct.In her book called Documentary Dilemmas, Caroline Anderson (p.1, 1991) talks about Frederick Wiseman and his documentary read Titicut Follies saying that he (i.e. Wiseman) considered his films as reality fiction s. Anderson (p.1, 1991) argues that Wiseman didnt want to be responsible for representing social actuality in an objective manner. He used the ambiguous term of reality fiction as an excuse to be able to class his work in both documentary genre and as an artistic creation. Anderson (p.2, 1991) claims that Wiseman used the term of reality fiction as a claim upon film theory and not to point at the inevitable tension between actuality and film. Nevertheless Titicut Follies is still a documentary film.Elizabeth Cowie (p.22, 2011) referring to the recording of actuality in both photography and film, claims that two different predilections exist. There is the take up for reality as a fact and the ability to review it, and on the other hand there is the need of rational knowledge, conveyed through logical interpretation. This idea reflects upon John Griersons creative treatment of actuality in a sense that a documentary creation has to represent the actuality but also to help the viewer see the reality which the creator wants to deliver.Looking at my own photographs for an example of Griersons statement I chose a photograph which shows a woman sleeping on the pavement between two bags that read A bag For Life. This photograph was taken a few steps from my bureau and could be a good example of the creative treatment of actuality. My intention was to articulate the fact that the woman was homeless but the reality is she can be anyone and anything and she just happened to enjoy the sunshine.A while ago I was asking myself if documentary photography is the middle ground between art and actuality. I was move actuality, documentary photography and fine art photography in a hierarchy, fine art photography being on the highest ranks. This is because actuality on its own is not interesting, it does not have that spark of genius documentary photography and it does not have the creative approach of fine art photography.One of the best examples of how documentary photograph y shed light on the social injustices around the world is the Magnum Agency. Founded by Robert Capa, Henri Cartier- Bresson, George Rodger and David Chim Seymour the agency had, and still has, the purpose of chronicle the world through the typical eyes of each member thus creating a complete image of the society.Documentary photography indeed can be seen as a genre which binds the aspirations of photojournalism with the ones of photographic art, thus becoming a kind of bridge or grey area, if you like. The main characteristic of documentary photography is the appetite for social subjects that go beyond the simple story in the newspaper, becoming increasingly subjective but at the same time holding a grip to actuality and truth. For me creativity represents the fingerprint which the photographer applies to the raw actuality with the purpose of creating his own reality to share with the world.

Supernatural in Shakespeares Macbeth - The Three Witches :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth The Three Witches          William Shakespeare has been by far the worlds most popularplaywright for more than 350 years.  His ingenious ability as a playwrighthas captivated sense of hearings and will captivate audiences for years to come.William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564.  Thespecific date of his birth is not known but is noteworthy on the feast ofSt. George, April 23. Little is known about his boyhood, but throughexamination it is thought that he collected a lot of his information frombooks and from workaday observation of the world around him.         During his life Shakespeare wrote many brilliant tragedies. He diedon April 23, 1616, at the age of 52.  One of these brilliant tragedies wasMacbeth. It is thought to have been compose between 1603 and 1606.  Macbethis considered the shortest of Shakespeares tragedies, but not lesspowerful in its depic tion of evil, greed, jealousy, and the madness theseemotions bring to a person. (Shakespeare, pg. v)         In any work of literature or drama there is usually foreshadowing.Foreshadow burn down be defined to be, a sign of something to come indicate orsuggest beforehand signal presage. (Comptons InteractiveEncyclopedia) Playwrights use this technique to give the audience a senseof what is to come or what exactly is going to happen to a character.Foreshadowing can be easily detected or it cannot be noticed at all untilthe end of the play or story. In Shakespeares Macbeth, Shakespeare usesthe prophecies of the witches and thoughts of Macbeth himself to foreshadowwithin the play. And Macbeth himself detects them approximately as does theaudience.         In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses the three witches as main sourcesforeshadowing.  In the play they are conveyed as prophecies.  The audienceexperiences a little of these prophecies almost immediately in the openingscene and act of the play.  When they talk about meeting Macbeth they saythey will greet him, when the battles lost and won. (Shakespeare, pg.1)And then they yell together, fair is foul, and foul is fair.(Shakespeare,pg.1) These ii examples foreshadow that some sort of evil will be comingand that there will also be a victory of sorts, but the audience doesntknow specifically what yet.  These also suggest a great battle is to befought against good and evil and the events that follow will unfold at arapid pace. This foreshadowing can be detected by the audience because theycan feel the emotion of doom and evil rising.         The actual prophecies given by the witches occur in the third scene

Women in the STEM Fields Essay -- Career Women Essays

In early American history, society believed that women did not have a place in rearing and high-level learning. They were told not to b different their brains with such advanced thinking. Middle and upper class women learned to read and write, but their education ended there. A womans place was said to be in the home, cooking, sewing, and taking care of the children. In the case of upper class women, their ruction list was cut even shorter with the servants present to do the work. However, women desired a higher education. Elizabeth Blackwell is a prime example of womens fight for a medical examination degree, one of the start STEM environments avail qualified to women. In order to kick-start her education she wrote to all of the doctors that she knew, requesting advice and help. However, most of the doctors replied that they thought it impossible, that a woman would not be able to endure the rigors of a medical education, and that they feared the competition that women doctors w ould bring. Elizabeth persisted, finally making her way to Philadelphia, a city famous for its study in medicine, to stay with Dr. Elder, one of the some supporters of her education. Once here she continued writing letters and actually found many friends who agreed to support her cause, but unfortunately universities were not included in this list of friends. Elizabeth then pursued an education at the University of Geneva in New York where the Medical Faculty and students agreed to accept her. While at first the university cared about the press coverage that Elizabeths spot would bring, she eventually established her rightful place as a student there. Although she encountered some resentment among the wives of doctors and other people living in the small town, Elizabeth ... ...cLeer, Anne. Practical Perfection? The Nanny Negotiates Gender, Class, and Family Contradictions in 1960s Popular Culture. NWSA Journal 14.2 (2002) 80-83. JSTOR. Web. 09 Feb. 2014. Pollack, Eileen. Why Are T here be quiet So Few Women in Science? The New York Times. The New York Times, 05 Oct. 2013. Web. 05 Mar. 2014. Rosch, Amelia. WISP Increases Female Participation in the Sciences. The Dartmouth. The Dartmouth, 07 Nov. 2013. Web. 05 Mar. 2014. Rupp, Leila J. Eleanor Flexners Century of Struggle Womens History and the Womens Movement. NWSA Journal 4.2 (1992) 157-69. JSTOR. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.Scientists Not Immune from Gender Bias, Yale Study Shows. Yale News. Yale University, 24 Sept. 2012. Web. 05 Mar. 2014. Smith, Michelle R. Giving Female Scientists Their Due. Philly.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer, 17 Oct. 2013. Web. 05 Mar. 2014.